225.6 
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cop.  2 


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UNIVERSITY  OF 
ILLINOIS  LIBRARY 
AT  URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 
BOOKSTACKS 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 


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c5  .  C/p 


Vol.  XVI,  No.  2  Second  Quarter  Lessons  14-26 

THE  BIBLE  STUDY  UNION  (BLAKESLEE)  GRADED  LESSONS 

rOR  SUNDAY  SCHOOLS  AND  BIBLB  CLASSES 


Young  People's  Course 

The   Apostolic  Leaders 


SIXTH  GRADE 
THE  APOSTOLIC  LEADERS  SERIES 

WITH 

WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS 

FOR  THE  OLDER  CLASSES 


Rev.  ERASTUS  BLAKESLEE,  Editor 


CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS 
New  York 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTip     :     ,^  . 

  1 

INTRODUCTION 

PAGES 

Colored  Map  of  Eastern  Part  of  Roman  Empire         ,        .  Frontispiece 
Opening  Service  .........  iii 

Map  of  Syria  and  Adjacent  Lands       ......  iv 

Maps  of  Paul's  First  and  Second  Missionary  Journeys        .        .  v 
Abstract  of  Lessons  in  the  Course     .        .        ...        .        «  vi-ix 

Directions  for  Study  x 

THE  LESSONS 

Lesson  14.  The  Conversion  of  Saul    ......  61 

Lesson  15.  The  Training  of  Saul        ......  67 

Lesson  16.  Barnabas  and  Saul  Sent  to  the  Gentiles  ...  73 

Lesson  17.  Paul  and  Barnabas  in  Galatia  .....  79 

Lesson  18.  Paul  the  Champion  of  Liberty  .....  85 

Lesson  19.  Paul  in  Troas  and  Philippi        .....  90 

Lesson  20.  Paul  and  the  Philippian  Jailer         ....  96 

Lesson  21.  Paul  in  Thessalonica  and  Bercea      ....  loi 

Lesson  22.  Paul  in  Athens         .        .        .        .        .        .        •  105 

Lesson  23.  Paul  in  Corinth        .        .        .        .        ,        .        •  110 

Lesson  24.  Paul  and  the  Thessalonians     .        •        •        •        •  115 

Lesson  25.  Paul  and  the  Galatians    .        .        .        •        •        .  120 

Lesson  26.  Review  of  Lessons  14-25  124 

APPENDIX 

Table  of  Abbreviations  x 
List  of  Books  Recommended        .......  x 

Explanatory  Notes  and  Remarks        ......  xi-xx 

Bible  Dictionary  of  the  Lessons        .....  xxi-xxiii 

The  Bible  Study  Union  Lessons,  Progressive  Grade: — Published  Quarterly  by 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  New  York;  price:  single  copies  10  cents  each,  40  cents  a  year, 
postpaid;  five  or  more  copies  to  one  address,  30  cents  ai  year  each,  and  at  corresponding 
rates  for  a  shorter  period,  postage  additional. 


Copyright,  1906,  by  the  Biblb  Study  Publishing  Co. 


Introduction  Hi 
OPENING  SERVICE.— Second  Quarter. 

The  Opening  Service  is  made  brief  in  order  to  give  as  much  time  as  possible  to  the 
study  of  the  lesson,  which  is  the  principal  work  of  the  Sunday  school. 

1.  SERVICE  OF  SONG. 

2.  RESPONSIVE  READING,  AND  HYMN.    (School  standing.) 
Supt.    How  beautiful  upon  the  mountains  are  the  feet  of  him  that  bringeth  good  tidings, 

that  publisheth  peace, 

Sch.  That  bringeth  good  tidings  of  good,  that  publisheth  salvation, 

Supt.  That  saith  unto  Zion,  Thy  God  reigneth  I 

Sch.  The  voice  of  thy  watchmen !  they  lift  up  the  voice,  together  do 
they  sing ; 

/>  \  Supt,  For  they  shall  see,  eye  to  eye,  when  the  Lord  retumeth  to  Zion. 

Sch.  Break  forth  into  joy,  sing  together,  ye  waste  places  of  Jerusalem  ; 

Supt.  For  the  Lord  hath  comforted  his  people,  he  hath  redeemed  Jerusalem. 

Sch.   The  Lord  hath  made  bare  his  holy  arm  in  the  eyes  of  all  the 
nations ; 

And  all  the  ends  of  the  earth  have  seen  the  salvation  of  our  God. 

Supt.    Go  ye  therefore  and  make  disciples  of  all  the  nations,  baptizing  them  into  the 
name  of  the  Father  and  of  the  Son  and  of  the  Holy  Spirit : 

Sch.   Teaching  them  to  observe  all  things  whatsoever  I  commanded 
you: 


And  lo,  I  am  with  you  always,  even  unto  the  end  of  the  world. 


^  I  love  to  tell  the  story  I  love  to  tell  the  story; 

•  Of  unseen  things  above,  'Tis  pleasant  to  repeat 

^  Of  Jesus  and  His  glory.  What  seems,  each  time  I  tell  it," 

^  ■  Of  Jesus  and  His  love.  More  wonderfully  sweet. 

^  I  love  to  tell  the  story,  I  love  to  tell  the  story, 

Ai  Because  I  know  it's  true,  For  some  have  never  heard 

4J  It  satisfies  my  longings  The  message  of  salvation 

^  As  nothing  else  can  do.  From  God's  own  holy  word. 

^  Chorus:  I  love  to  tell  the  story; 

'Twill  be  my  theme  in  glory, 
nC  To  tell  the  old,  old  story 

Of  Jesus  and  His  love. 

P 

^  3.  PRAYER,  closing  with  the  Lord's  Prayer  in  imison. 

4.  THE  SCRIPTURE  READING  FOR  THE  DAY.    {See  Lessons.) 

5.  ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

6.  STUDY  OF  THE  LESSOM 


217597 


Introduction 


SYRIA  AKD  ADJACENT  LANDS. 


Map  of  Paul's  Second  Missionary  Journey, 


vi 


Introductton 


ABSTRACT  OF  LESSONS  IN  THE  COURSE 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTES. 
Note  1.  Object.  The  object  of  this  course  is  to  present  a  com- 
plete and  connected  view  of  the  hves  of  the  six  great  leaders  in  the 
founding  and  development  of  the  apostolic  church  as  given  in  the 
New  Testament,  to  set  forth  their  personal  work  and  characteristics, 
to  show  their  relation  to  the  times  in  which  they  lived,  and  to  emphasize 
the  moral  and  spiritual  significance  of  their  deeds  and  words. 

Note  2.  Quarterly  Divisions.  These  are  arranged  so  as  to  include 
in  the  first  quarter  all  the  events  up  to  the  beginning  of  the  work  of 
Paul,  to  give  in  the  second  and  third  quarters  the  life  of  Paul  from  his 
conversion  till  his  imprisonment  in  Caesarea,  and  in  the  fourth  quarter 
to  give  the  close  of  his  life  and  what  is  known  of  the  later  years  of  Peter 
and  John. 

Note  3.  Chronology.  The  only  fixed  dates  in  the  Acts  and 
Epistles  are  those  of  the  death  of  Herod  Agrippa,  a.  d.  44,  and  of  the 
appointment  of  Festus  as  governor  of  Judea,  a.  d.  60.  To  these 
points  other  dates  must  be  adjusted  as  closely  as  the  facts  in  the 
narrative  or  in  external  history  will  permit.  Nearly  all  the  dates 
accompanying  these  lessons  must  therefore  be  regarded  as  only 
approximate  —  the  best  that  can  be  given  in  the  present  state  of 
Biblical  scholarship. 


LESSON  TITLES  AND  REFERENCES. 

(Subject  to  Revision.) 


FIRST  QUARTER. 

FIRST  QUARTER.  Peter,  John,  Stephen  and  Philip,  the  Leaders  in  the 
Early  Apostolic  Church.    From  about  a.  d.  27  to  a.  d.  44. 

Lesson   1.    The  Call  of  Peter  and  John.    From  their  First  Interview  with  Jesus  to 
the  Choice  of  the  Twelve.    Scattered  references,    a.  d.  27,  28, 

Lesson  2.    The  Training  of  Peter  and  John.    From  the  Choice  of  the  Twelve  to  the 
Last  Supper.    Scattered  references,    a.  d.  28-30. 


Lesson  Titles  and  References 


vii 


Lesson  3.  Peter's  Fall  and  John's  Steadfastness.  From  the  Last  Supper  to  the 
Ascension.    Scattered  references.    A.  D.  30. 

Lesson  4.  Peter  the  Leading  Apostle.  The  Choice  of  Matthias  and  the  Day  of 
Pentecost.    Acts  1:12—2:42.    A.  d.  30. 

Lesson  5.  Peter  and  John  in  the  Temple.  The  Healing  of  the  Lame  Man,  and  the 
Discourse  in  Solomon's  Porch.    Acts  ch.  3.    About  a.  d.  31. 

Lesson  6.  Peter  and  John  in  Prison.  Their  Boldness  before  the  Jewish  Rulers. 
Acts  4: 1-31.    About  A.  d.  31. 

Lesson  7.  Peter's  Growing  Power.  Ananias  and  Sapphira  Punished,  Many 
Miracles  Wrought,  the  Rulers  Disobeyed.  Acts  4:32 — 5:42.  Between 
A.  d.  32  and  34. 

Lesson  8.  Stephen  the  First  Christian  Martyr.  His  New  Interpretation  of  the 
Gospel.    Acts  chs.  6,  7. 

Lesson  9.  Philip  the  Evangelist,  The  Church  Planted  in  Samaria.  Acts  ch.  8. 
About  A.  D.  34. 

Lesson  10.  Peter's  Vision  in  Joppa.  His  Preparation  for  Work  among  the  Gentiles. 
Acts  9:31— 10:23a.    About  a.  d.  40. 

X^sson  11.  Peter  in  C^sarea.  The  Gospel  Carried  to  the  Gentiles.  Acts  10:236 — 
11:18.    About  A.  d.  40. 

Lesson  12.  Peter  Delivered  from  Prison.  His  Retirement  to  Parts  Unknown. 
Acts  12  :  1-23.    a.  d.  44. 

Lesson  13.    Rbvibw  of  Lessons  1-12. 


SECOND  QUARTER. 

SECOND  QUARTER.  The  Life  of  Paul  from  his  Conversion  to  the  End  of 
the  Second  Missionary  Journey.    About  a,  d.  35-54. 

Lesson  14.  The  Conversion  of  Saul.  The  Apostle  to  the  Gentiles  Chosen.  Acts 
9:l-19a,  and  scattered  references  about  his  life  prior  to  his  conversion. 
About  A.  D.  35. 

I/Csson  15.  The  Training  of  Saul.  From  his  Conversion  to  his  First  Missionary- 
Journey.    Scattered  references.    About  a.  d.  35-45. 

Lesson  16.  Barnabas  and  Saul  Sent  to  the  Gentiles.  The  First  Missionary 
Journey  Begun.    Acts  ch.  13.    About  a.  d.  45  or  46. 

Lesson  17.  Paul  and  Barnabas  in  Galatia.  The  First  Missionary  Journey  Ended. 
Acts  ch.  14.    About  a.  d.  46-48. 

Lesson  18.  Paul  the  Champion  op  Liberty.  The  Church  Freed  from  the  Jewish 
Law.    Acts  15:1-35;  Gal.  ch.  2.    About  a.d.  50  or  51. 

Lesson  19.  Paul  in  Troas  and  Philippi.  The  Second  Missionary  Journey  Begun. 
Acts  16;36~16;X5.    About  a.  d.  5i. 


vm 


Introduction 


LcsMJii  20.  Paul  and  thb  Philippian  Jailkk.  Christian  Work  in  Prison.  Acts  IG: 
HMO.    About  a.  d.  51. 

LcsH<jn  21.  Paul  in  Thbssalonica  and  Bbrba.  Great  Success  and  Bitter  Opposition. 
Acts  17:1-15;  1  Thcs.  2:1-12.    About  a.  d.  52. 

lesson  22.  Paul  in  Athbns.  His  Address  on  Mars  Hill.  Acts  17:16-34.  About 
A.  D.  52. 

Lesson  23.    Paul  in  Corinth.  The  Second  Missionary  J(mmey  Knded.    Acts  18: 1-22; 

1  Cor.  2:1—3:2.  About  a.  ».  52-51. 

Lesson  24.  Paul  and  thb  Thbssalonians.  His  Love  for  them  and  his  Messages  of 
Comfort.  Selections  from  1  and  2  Thes.  Written  from  Corinth,  about 
A.  D.  53. 

Lesson  25.    Paul  and  thb  Galatians.    His  Efforts  to  Save  them  from  False  Teachers. 

Selections  from  Galatians.  Written  about  a.  d.  53  or  54.  Place 
uncertain. 


Lesson  26.    Review  of  Lessons  14-25. 


THIRD  QUARTER. 

THIRD  QUARTER.    The  Life  of  Paul  from  the  Beginning  of  his  Third 

Missionary  Journey  until  his  Imprisonment  in  Caesarea.    About  a.  d.  54-58. 

Lesson  27.    Paul  in  Ephesus.    The  Third  Missionary  Journey  Begun.    Acts  18:23 — 
19:22.    About  a.  d.  54-57. 

Lesson  28.    The  Riot  op  the  Silversmiths.    Paul's  Work  in  Ephesus  Ended.  Acts 
19:23-41.    About  a.  d.  57. 

Lesson  29.    Paul  and  the  Corinthians.    His  Plea  for  Unity  among  them.    1  Cor. 
.1:10 — 3:17.    Written  from  Ephesus,  about  a.  d.  57. 

Lesson  30.    Paul's  Description  op  Christian  Love.    Love  Greater  than  all  Gifts. 
1  Ccr.  ch.  13. 

Lesson  31.    The  Great  Collection.    Paul's  Final  Attempt  to  Harmonize  Jews  and 
Gentiles.    1  Cor.  16:1-4;  2  Cor.  chs.  8,  9.    About  a.  d.  57. 

Lesson  32.    Paul  an  Ambassador  for  Christ.    His  Message  to  the  World.    2  Cor. 

4:16 — 6:10.  Written  during  the  second  year  in  Greece,  about  a.  d. 
57. 

Lesson  33.    Paul  Glorying  in  the  Lord.    His  Labors  and  Sufferings  for  Christ.  2 
Cor.  11:21—12:13. 

-esson  34.    Paul  and  the  Romans.    His  Desire  to  Establish  them  in  the  Faith.  Rom. 
1:1-15;  15:14-33.    Wii^cen  from  Corinth,  about  a.  d.  48. 


«sson  35. 


Paul's  Description  op  the  Christian  Life.    Its  Freedom,  Blessedness 
and  Power.    Rom  ch.  8. 


Lesson  Titles  and  References  ix 

Lesson  36.    Paul's  Final  Return  to  Jerusalem.    The  Third  Missionary  Journey 
Ended.    Acts  20:3— 21:16.    About  a.  d.  58. 

Lesson  37.    Paul's  Arrest  in  the  Temple.    His  Failure  to  Conciliate  the  Jews.  Acts 
21:17—22:22.    About  a.  d.  58. 

Lesson  38.    Paul  Protected  by  his  Roman  Citizenship.    His  Hearing  in  Jerusalem 
and  Transfer  to  Caesarea.    Acts  22:23—23:35.    About  a.  d.  58. 

Lesson  39.    Review  op  Lessons  27-38. 


FOURTH  QUARTER. 

FOURTH  QUARTER.  The  Imprisonment  and  Martyrdom  of  Paul,  and  tht 
Last  Words  of  Peter  and  John.    About  a.  d.  58-100. 

Lesson  40.  Paul  a  Prisoner  in  C^bsarea.  His  Hearings  before  Felix  and  Festus 
and  his  Appeal  to  Caesar.    Acts  24: 1—25: 12.    About  a.  d.  58-60. 

Lesson  41.  Paul  before  Agrippa.  Preaching  the  Gospel  in  Chains.  Acts  25: 13— • 
26:32.    About  a.  d.  60. 

Lesson  42.  Paul's  Voyage  and  Shipwreck.  His  Experiences  on  the  Way  to  Rome. 
Acts  27: 1—28: 15.    About  a.d.  60,  61. 

Lesson  43.  Paul  a  Prisoner  in  Rome.  The  Gospel  Furthered  through  his  Bonds. 
Acts  28:16-31;  Phil.  1:12-26.    About  a.  d.  61-63. 

Lesson  44.  Paul  and  the  Philippians.  His  Joy  in  their  Faithfulness.  Selections 
from  Philippians,    Written  from  prison  between  a.  d.  61  and  63. 

Lesson  45.  Paul  and  Onesimus.  A  Fugitive  Slave  Restored  to  his  Master.  Philemoa 
Written  between  a.  d.  61  and  63. 

Lesson  46.  Paul  and  the  Colossians.  His  Teachings  concerning  the  Supremacy  of 
Christ.  Selections  from  Ephesians  and  Colossians.  Written  between 
a.  d.  58  and  63. 

Lesson  47.  Paul's  Review  of  his  Life.  His  Gratitude  for  his  Apostleship.  Selec- 
tions from  Philippians,  1  Timothy,  and  Ephesians. 

Lesson  48.  Paul's  Last  Work  and  Words.  His  Fourth  Missionary  Journey,  and 
Impending  Martyrdom.  Selections  from  1  and  2  Timothy,  and  Titus. 
About  A.  d.  64-68. 

Lesson  49.  Peter's  Last  Words.  His  Consolations  for  the  Persecuted.  Selections 
from  1  and  2  Peter.    Dates  uncertain. 

Lesson  50.  John's  Vision  of  Heaven.  The  Adoration  of  the  Lamb  that  was  Slain. 
Rev.  chs.  4,  5;  7:9-17. 

Lesson  61.  John's  Last  Words.  His  Testimony  to  the  Person  and  Work  of  Christ. 
Selections  from  1  John.    Written  between  a.  d.  60  and  100. 


Lesson  62. 


Rbvibw  op  Lbssons  40^1. 


X 


Introduction 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  STUDY. 


TO  TEACHERS. 


§  1.  Preparation.    Teachers  of  this  grade  will  find  it  a  great  help  to  study  the 

lessons  in  the  Senior  grade  also,  in  order  to  get  a  more  comprehensive  knowledge 
of  the  subject,  especially  of  its  practical  bearings,  than  can  be  obtained  from  the 
Progressive  grade  alone.  Every  teacher,  and  all  the  older  pupils,  should  have 
The  Bible  Study  Manual,  which  is  an  invaluable  aid  in  preparing  and  teaching 
the  lessons. 

§  2.  The  Lesson  Outline.  This  is  the  most  important  part  of  the  lesson  in 
this  grade.  Its  object  is  to  fix  in  mind  the  piincipal  facts  in  the  lives  of  the 
persons  studied  about.  It  cannot  be  taught  properly  without  very  close  atten- 
tion to  the  Written-answer  Questions.  Whoever  fails  m  this  misses  one  of 
the  most  characteristic  features  of  these  lessons.  The  answers  to  these  questions 
should  always  he  carefully  written  out  at  home  both  by  teacher  and  scholars.  In 
class  the  teacher  should  ask  all  these  questions,  so  as  to  ascertain  what  answers  the 
scholars  have  prepared  for  them.  He  should  refer  to  the  Bible  for  the  correction 
of  all  mistakes,  and  should  ask  such  supplementary  oral  questions  as  may  be 
necessary  to  present  the  subject  briefly  but  clearly.  If  teacher  and  class  alike 
come  with  the  answer*  carefully  prepared  and  written  out,  this  part  of  the  lesson 
can  be  passed  over  very  rapidly  in  class;  indeed,  it  rarely  ought  to  occupy  more 
than  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes. 

§  3.  Lesson  Teachings.  The  remainder  of  the  time  can  be  occupied  with  the 
other  parts  of  the  lesson,  and  especially  with  the  practical  application  of  some  one 
or  two  of  its  principal  truths.  This  part  of  the  work  affords  the  greatest  oppor- 
tunity for  independent  work  by  the  teacher.  He  may  use  the  Lesson  Teachings 
and  Questions  in  the  Quarterly,  or  may  bring  up  others  which  he  thinks  more 
important,  or  better  still,  may  discuss  such  as  are  suggested  by  the  class.  The 
essential  thing  is  not  the  discussion  of  all  the  practical  truths  in  the  lesson, 
which  is  impossible,  but  the  discussion  and  application  of  those  particular  truths 
which  are  most  useful  for  one's  own  class. 

§  4.  In  brief:  Seek(i),  by  means  of  the  Written-answer  Questions,  and  such 
oral  questions  as  may  be  necessary,  to  present  to  the  class  a  clear  outline  of  the 
Scripture  material  of  the  lesson,  and  then  (2)  to  press  on  their  attention  one  or 
two  of  the  more  important  truths  found  in  it. 


§  5.  Write  answers  to  all  questions  having  space  left  under  them  for  that  purpose; 
study  the  others  carefully  so  as  to  be  able  to  answer  them  orally.  Do  a  portion  of 
the  work  each  day.  Read  and  study  thoughtfully.  Jot  down  all  questions  on 
which  you  would  like  information,  and  bring  them  up  in  class.  Study  to  learn. 
Always  bring  your  Bible  to  class. 


stvidy  each  lesson  faithfully,  and  to  do  all  that  I  can  to  make 
the  lesson  recitations  and  discussions  interesting  and  helpful 
to  the  class. 


TO  SCHOLARS. 


CLASS  PLEDGE. 


As  a  member  of 


class, 


I  promise  to 


IA.L.Prac.1 


(Signed) 


THE  APOSTOLIC  LEADERS 

SIXTH  GRADE 


SECOND  QUARTER.  The  Life  of  Paul  from  his  Conversion  to  the  End  of  the  Second 
Missionary  Journey.    About  A.  D.  35  to  54. 

Note  1.  Characteristics  of  the  Second  Quarter.  The  lessons  of  this 
quarter  relate  almost  wholly  to  the  work  of  Paul.  They  include, 
however,  the  work  of  Barnabas  who  was  associated  with  him  during 
a  part  of  this  time.  Six  events  of  far-reaching  significance  mark  the 
historical  developments  of  this  period.  (1)  The  conversion  of  Saul, 
who  under  divine  guidance  began  a  course  of  training  which  is  not 


Prom  a  photofrapb. 

View  in  Damascus. 

Damascus  is  the  oldest  city  in  the  world.  Its  Biblical  history  dates  from  the  time  of  Abraham,  but 
it  is  chiefly  interesting  from  its  connection  with  the  life  of  Paul.  The  city  is  situated  in  an  oasis  produced 
in  the  Syrian  desert  by  the  river  Baiada  (the  Abanah  of  the  Bible),  making  the  site  one  of  rare  beauty. 


narrated  in  the  history,  but  which  fitted  him  for  his  great  mission  as 
the  apostle  to  the  Gentiles.  (2)  The  establishment  of  a  Gentile  church 
at  Antioch.  (3)  The  beginning  of  organized  missionary  work  through 
the  sending  of  Barnabas  and  Saul  to  Cyprus  and  Asia  Minor.  (4)  Paul's 
struggle  with  the  Judaizing  Christians  over  the  relation  of  the  Gentile 
converts  to  the  Jewish  law.  (5)  The  extension  of  the  Gospel  from 
Asia  into  Europe.  And  (6)  the  beginning  of  that  series  of  Pauline 
epistles  which  have  constituted  one  of  the  church's  most  precious 
heritages  from  the  apostolic  age. 

ax 


62 


Outline  Bible  Studies 


Sixth 
Grade 


Lesson  14.    THE  CONVERSION  OF  SAUL.    The  Apostle  to 

the  Gentiles  Chosen.     Acts  9:l-19a,  and  scattered 
references  to  his  life  prior  to  his  conversion. 
About  A. D.  35. 

Note  2.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  call  attention  to  some  promi- 
nent particulars  in  Saul's  early  life,  and  to  show  how  he  was  trans- 
formed from  a  fierce  persecutor  of  the  church  into  an  energetic  cham- 
pion of  the  Christian  faith. 

Note  3.  The  Historical  Situation.  Conspicuous  among  those  who 
brought  about  the  death  of  Stephen  was  a  young  man  named  Saul, 
afterward  known  as  Paul.  His  connection  with  this  martyrdom 
suggests  that  he  may  have  been  one  of  those  whom  Stephen  had  van- 
quished in  theological  debate.  However  that  may  be,  the  excitement 
attending  Stephen's  death  started  him  on  his  career  as  a  persecutor. 
He  began  this  work  by  trying  to  exterminate  the  church  in  Jerusalem. 
So  effective  were  his  measures  that  those  who  had  not  fled  or  been 
slain  were  driven  into  concealment.  But  this  cessation  of  the  bloody 
work  for  lack  of  material  did  not  quench  his  zeal.  He  could  not  rest 
so  long  as  he  knew  that  this  hated  belief  flourished  anywhere.  Armed 
with  a  commission  from  the  Sanhedrin  he  set  out  on  a  crusade  against 
the  believers  in  Damascus.  It  was  while  on  this  expedition  that  the 
revelation  came  which  changed  his  whole  life. 

Note  4.    Saul's  Early  Life.    The  New  Testament  gives  no  detailed 

account  of  Saul's  life  previous  to 
his  conversion,  but  the  main  facts 
are  incidentally  brought  out  in  the 
Acts  and  in  his  own  epistles.  He 
appears  first,  when  about  thirty  years 
of  age,  as  a  leader  in  the  stoning 
of  Stephen  (Acts  7:58;  8:1a).  He 
was  a  Hellenistic  Jew,  born  at 
Tarsus,  a  brilliant  center  of  Greek 
civilization  in  the  Roman  province 
of  Cilicia  (Acts  22:3a).  He  was 
justly  proud  of  the  purity  of  his 
Israelitish  descent  (Phil.  3:5a).  Of 
St.  Paul.  bis  family  no  direct  mention  occurs 

By  Fra  Bartoiommeo.  bcyond  the  fact  that  he  had  a  sister 

in  Jerusalem  (Acts  23 : 16).  The  fact,  however,  that  he  possessed  by  birth 
the  coveted  political  right  of  Roman  citizenship  (Acts  22 : 25-28)  suggests 
that  his  family  was  of  considerable  importance.    This  is  confirmed  by 


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the  fact  that  he  was  sent  to  Jerusalem  to  be  educated  by  Gamaliel, 
the  most  illustrious  teacher  in  Israel  (Acts  22:36).  That  he  was  not 
deficient  in  Greek  learning  is  indicated  by  his  address  to  the  Athenian 
philosophers  (Acts  17:22-31).  In  early  life,  like  all  Jewish  boys,  he 
was  taught  a  trade— that  of  tent-making,  one  of  the  leading  industries 
of  Tarsus  (Acts  18:3). 

Note  5.  SauPo  Jewish  Religious  Life.  This,  in  its  way,  was  as 
intense  before  his  conversion  as  his  Christian  religious  life  was  after- 
ward. Not  merely  by  personal  choice  but  by  birth  he  belonged  to 
the  Pharisees,  the  strictest  of  the  Jewish  sects  (Acts  23: 6;  26:5). 
With  the  most  painstaking  exactness  he  obeyed  every  minute  require- 
ment of  the  Jewish  law,  thereby  establishing  a  legal  righteousness 
which  from  a  Jewish  point  of  view  was  perfect  (Phil.  3:6).  The  prin- 
ciples and  practices  of  the  Pharisees  he  adopted  with  a  zeal  and  energy 
that  made  him  a  fanatical  persecutor  of  the  Christian  church,  through 
which  bloody  work  he  sincerely  believed  that  he  was  honoring  God 
(Acts  26: 9-11;  Gal.  1 : 13,  14).  But  the  more  he  tried  to  obtain  inward 
peace  by  scrupulous  obedience  to  the  law  the  greater  was  his  distress 
(Rom.  7:9-11,  21-23).  This  probably  helped  to  prepare  him  for  an 
acceptance  of  that  higher  righteousness  which  comes  through  faith 
in  Christ  (Rom.  7:24,  25a;  Gal.  3:24,  25). 

Note  6.  The  Character  and  Influence  of  Saul.  Intellectually  Saul 
of  Tarsus  was  one  of  the  most  richly  endowed  men  in  the  history  of 
the  human  race.  He  appeared  at  a  moment  when  Christianity  needed 
a  man  of  his  superlative  ability.  The  other  apostles,  simple  fishermen, 
could  tell  the  story  of  Jesus'  life,  and  from  a  Jewish  point  of  view 
give  some  idea  of  its  meaning.  But  when  this  had  been  done,  there 
was  yet  needed  a  mind  capacious  enough  to  grasp  the  universal  import 
of  Christianity,  to  incorporate  this  narrow  Jewish  sect  into  the  intel- 
lectual life  of  the  world,  to  interpret  to  humanity  at  large  the  life, 
death,  resurrection  and  ascension  of  Christ,  and  to  show  forth  the 
completeness  and  glory  of  His  atoning  work.  This  was  the  purpose 
for  which  Saul  was  raised  up,  a  chosen  vessel,  in  and  through  whom 
Christianity  revealed  its  divine  power. 

Two  conspicuous  factors  in  his  character  co-operated  to  this  end— 
his  persistent  love  of  truth  and  his  absolute  loyalty  to  conscience. 
These  were  the  factors  that  before  his  conversion  would  not  permit 
him,  like  his  teacher  Gamaliel,  to  take  a  neutral  or  tolerant  attitude 
toward  a  belief  that  he  regarded  as  false  and  pernicious,  and  that 
urged  him  to  put  forth  all  his  powers  for  its  destruction.  These  were 
the  factors,  too,  that  after  his  conversion,  enriched  by  a  mighty  in-dwell- 


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ing  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  made  him  the  most  clear-sighted  and  dauntless 
champion  ever  given  to  the  Christian  church.  The  conversion  of  Saul 
the  persecutor,  through  which  he  became  Paul,  the  greatest  of  the 
apostles,  is  justly  regarded  as  the  most  important  event  in  the  history 
of  the  church  subsequent  to  the  day  of  Pentecost. 

Note  7.  The  Narratives  of  Saul's  Conversion.  How  important  an 
event  this  was  considered  in  the  apostolic  church  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  the  book  of  Acts  contains  no  less  than  three  detailed  accounts 


From  •  photograph. 

The  Street  which  is  Called  Straight,"  in  Damascus  (Acts  9:11). 


of  it,  while  two  briefer  references  are  given  in  Paul's  epistles  (Gal. 
1:13-16;  1  Cor.  15:8-10).  Of  the  three  accounts  given  by  Luke  the 
first  (Acts  9: 1-1 9a)  occurs  in  the  regular  course  of  his  narrative,  the 
second  (Acts  22: 3-13)  and  the  third  (Acts  26: 9-19)  are  embodied  in 
addresses  delivered  by  Paul,  the  one  before  the  enraged  multitude 
in  the  temple  and  the  other  before  Agrippa  and  Festus  at  Caesarea. 
Minor  discrepancies,  due  to  condensation  or  to  varying  emphasis  on 
details,  should  not  obscure  the  fact  that  in  all  essential  particulars  the 
three  accounts  are  in  absolute  accord. 


DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 

Sunday.        The  Conversion  of  Saul.    Acts  9:1-9. 
Monday.        The  Ministration  of  Ananias  to  Saul.    Acts  9:  io-i9a. 
Tuesday.       Paul's  Own  Account  of  his  Conversion.    Acts  22 : 1-16. 
Wednesday.   Paul's  Second  Account  of  the  Same.    Acts  26:1-19. 
Thursday.      Paul's  Inward  Conflict  before  his  Conversion.    Rom.  7:7-25. 
Friday.  Why  Pa\il  Obtained  Mercy,    i  Tim.  1:1-17. 

Patd's  Conversion  a  Proof  of  the  Resurrection,    i  Cor.  15:1-11. 

Acts  9: 1-9. 


Saturday, 

Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired: 


Golden  Text: 
Acts  26;  Id. 


I  was  not  disobedient  unto  the  heavenly  vision," 


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REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  Whose  life  was  the  main  subject  of  the  lessons  of  the  last  quarter? 
2.  What  other  apostolic  leaders  are  also  mentioned?  3.  Whose  life 
is  the  main  subject  of  study  in  the  lessons  of  this  quarter  (Note  1)? 
4.  Who  was  associated  with  him  a  part  of  the  time?  5.  What  are  the 
six  leading  historical  events  of  this  period?  6.  What  is  the  title  of  this 
lesson?  its  object?  its  Golden  Text? 

LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 

Topic  1.    The  Conversion  of  Saul.    Acts  9: 1-9. 
1   Mention  briefly  some  of  the  main  facts  in  the  early  life  of  Saul. 
(Note  4.) 


2.  What  were  the  leading  character- 
istics of  his  religious  life  before  his  con- 
version?   (Note  5.) 


3.  How  did  he  show  his  blind  and 
furious  zeal  in  behalf  of  his  Jewish  faith? 
(Acts  9: 1,2.) 


4.  Describe  iti  your  own  words  the 
marvelous  experience  that  came  to 
Saul  on  his  way  to  Damascus.  (Acts 
9:3-6;  comp.  22:6-10;  26:12-15.) 

5.  What  message  understood  ^  by 
Saul  alone  came  to  him  at  this  time? 
(Acts  9:7;  26:16-18.) 


From  a  photograplr. 

St.  Paul's  Gate,  in  Damascus. 


6.  What  was  the  immediate  effect  of  this  vision  on  Saul?  (Acts 
9:8,9;  comp.  22:11.) 


Topic  2.    The  Ministration  of  Ananias  to  Saul.    Acts  9: 10-19(2. 
7.  What  command  did  Ananias  receive  from  the  Lord?  (Acts  9. 
10-12;  comp.  Acts  22: 12.) 


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8.  Why  was  Ananias  reluctant  to  obey  this  command?  (Acts  9: 
13, 14.) 


Traditional  House  of  Ananias. 


9.  How  was  his  reluctance 
removed?    (Acts  9: 15, 16.) 


10.  What  did  Ananias  say 
to  Saul?  (Acts  9:17;  comp. 
22:13-16.) 


^ 11-  What    occurred  when 

Prom  B  pTiotogrnph,     Ananias  ceased  speaking?  (Acts 

9:18a.) 


12.  What  did  Saul  do  when  he  had  received  his  sight?  (Acts 
9:186, 19a.) 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

13.  What  was  Saul's^  intellectual  character  (Note  6)?  Why  was  he 
imperatively  needed  by  the  Christianity  of  his  day?  What  two 
elements  of  character  were  indispensable  to  his  mission? 

14.  What  was  Saul's  attitude  toward  Christ  before  his  conversion? 
What,  afterwards?  In  what  did  his  conversion  consist?  In  what 
must  every  true  conversion  consist?  What  is  conversion?  In  what 
respects  was  Saul's  conversion  typical?    In  what  was  it  not  typical? 

15.  To  what  great  fact  did  Paul  constantly  appeal  in  connection 
with  his  conversion  (Acts  22:7,8;  26: 14,  15;  1  Cor.  9:1;  15:8)?  On 
what  great  historical  fact  does  Christianity  rest?  How,  then,  is  Paul's 
conversion  a  proof  of  the  truth  of  Christianity? 

16.  Why  did  Saul  obtain  forgiveness  notwithstanding  his  bloody 
persecution  of  the  church?    (Memorize  answer.) 

**  I  obtained  mercy,  because  I  did  it  ignorantly  in  unbelief."    (1  Tim.  1 : 13.) 

17.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  narrative  of  Saul's  life  up  to 
§^d  inc\^x6xa^  his  conwpfS}xm* 


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Lesson  15.   THE  TRAINING  OF  SAUL.   From  his  Conver- 
sion to  the  First  Missionary  Journey.  Scattered 
References.    About  a.d.  35-45. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  show  how  Saul's  experiences 
after  his  conversion  qualified  him  for  his  great  life  work  as  the  apostle 
to  the  Gentiles,  and  how  a  Gentile  church  was  established  in  Antioch. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  After  Saul's  conversion  two 
reasons  operated  against  his  entering  at  once  upon  the  work  of  preach- 
ing the  Gospel.  First,  his  violence  as  a  persecutor  had  inspired  the 
churches  with  a  genuine  fear  of  his  presence.  Secondly,  the  vision  that 
had  transformed  his  life  had  also  destroyed  all  his  previous  concep- 
tions of  man's  relation  to  the  divine  law.  Time  was  required  for  a 
full  comprehension  of  the  revelation  that  had  come  to  him,  not  only 
in  itself  but  in  its  relation  to  all  previous  revelations.  When  this  had 
been  attained,  he  still  needed  experience  in  Christian  work  before 
being  qualified  to  undertake  the  great  mission  to  which  God  had  called 
him.  Nine  or  ten  years  were  consumed  in  this  preparatory  training. 
Three  years  of  this  time  were  spent  in  retirement  and  meditation,  four 
or  five  in  preaching  and  founding  churches  in  Syria  and  Cilicia,  and 
one  at  least  in  Antioch,  where  he  assisted  Barnabas  in  establishing 
the  first  Gentile  church. 

Note  3.  SauPs  Early  Christian  Life.  No  consecutive  narrative  of 
Saul's  life  during  the  nine  or  ten  years  after  his  conversion  is  given  in 
the  New  Testament.  From  scattered  statements  and  incidental  allu- 
sions it  is  possible,  however,  to  construct  a  fairly  probable  account  of 
his  doings  during  this  period,  as  follows: 

(1)  After  his  conversion  Saul  preached  **  certain  days  "  in  Damas- 
cus (Acts  9: 196-22),  and  then  (2)  retired  into  Arabia,  probably  to 
meditate  on  the  new  truth  revealed  to  him  at  his  conversion  and  on  its 
relations  to  the  Old  Testament  faith.  Here  he  spent  a  large  part  of 
the  three  years  (Gal.  1:18)  that  elapsed  between  his  conversion  and 
his  next  visit  to  Jerusalem.  (3)  Returning  from  Arabia  to  Damascus 
(Gal.  1 : 176)  he  preached  with  such  power  that  the  Jews  plotted  to  kill 
him,  but  he  escaped  through  the  wall  in  a  basket  (Acts  9:23-25).  (4) 
He  then  fled  to  Jerusalem,  where  the  church  had  probably  heard  of  his 
conversion  three  years  before  (Gal.  1 : 23) ,  but  having  had  no  further 
news  of  him  naturally  regarded  him  with  suspicion  (Acts  9: 26).  For- 
tunately Barnabas,  a  fellow  Hellenist,  was  able  to  vouch  for  him  (Acts: 
9: 27).  He  stayed  in  Jerusalem  fifteen  days  entertained  by  the  noble- 
hearted  Peter  (Gal.  1:18),  and  preached  to  the  Hellenists  in  and  around 
the  city  (Acts  9 : 28, 29).    (5)  This  led  to  a  plot  among  the  Jews  to  put 


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him  to  death,  but  the  brethren  heard  of  it  and  escorted  him  to  Caesarea, 
whence  he  set  sail  for  his  native  city  of  Tarsus  (Acts  9:30).  (6)  The 
next  four  or  five  years  seem  to  have  been  spent  chiefly  in  Syria  and 
Cilicia  (Gal.  1:21),  during  which  time  he  probably  established  the 


Tarsus,  the  Birthplace  of  SauL 


Gentile  churches  afterward  visited  and  confirmed  by  him  (Acts  15: 
23,  41).  (7)  Summoned  by  Barnabas  to  Antioch,  Saul  assisted  him 
there  for  the  space  of  a  year,  when  both  were  sent  to  Jerusalem  with 
aid  for  the  suffering  churches  in  Judea  (Acts  11:29,  30;  12:25).  This 
was  Saul's  second  visit  to  Jerusalem  after  his  conversion.  Whether 
the  vision  mentioned  in  Acts  22: 17-21  occurred  in  connection  with  this 
visit  or  the  preceding  is  not  certain. 

Note  4.    SauPs  Retirement  into  Arabia.    Acts  9:196-25;  Gal.  1:17, 

18.  (1)  The  Place,  Luke  does  not  mention  this  retirement,  probably 
because  he  did  not  regard  it  as  falling  within  the  scope  of  his  narra- 
tive. Nor  is  the  place  accurately  described.  Arabia  (Gal.  1:17)  is  a 
term  that  covers  the  entire  region  from  the  outskirts  of  Damascus  to 
the  Persian  Gulf,  including  the  Sinaitic  peninsula.  He  may,  there- 
fore, have  gone  only  a  short  distance  from  Damascus  into  the  adjoining 
desert.  Others,  however,  infer  from  the  mention  in  Gal.  4:25  of 
"  mount  Sinai  in  Arabia,"  that  he  retreated  to  the  scene  where  God 
had  so  wondrously  revealed  Himself  in  the  giving  of  the  law  (Ex.  chs. 

19,  20),  and  to  Moses  (Ex.  ch.  24)  and  Elijah  (1  Ki.  ch.  19). 

(2)  The  Time.  Three  views  are  held  as  to  the  relation  between 
Saul's  work  in  Damascus  and  his  retirement  into  Arabia:  (a)  That 
this  retirement  should  he  inserted  after  the  ministry  spoken  of  in  Acts  9: 
196-25.  But  then  his  return  to  Damascus  would  have  taken  place  in 
the  face  of  a  deadly  hatred  that  had  just  driven  him  away;  and  his 
work  in  Damascus,  if  it  had  covered  the  greater  part  of  three  years. 


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could  not  have  been  unknown  (vs.  26)  to  the  church  in  Jerusalem. 
(6)  That  the  retirement  should  he  inserted  between  vss.  19  and  20.  This 
view  holds  that  he  did  not  preach  at  all  before  going  into  Arabia,  but 
that  the  effect  of  his  undisturbed  meditation  there  was  seen  in  the 
power  of  his  preaching  (vss.  20-22)  when  he  returned.  This  view  is 
plausible,  but  seems  to  be  contradicted  by  Luke's  narrative,  (c) 
That  the  retirement  should  he  inserted  hetween  vss.  22  and  23.  If  he 
remained  in  Arabia  nearly  three  years  [Note  3  (2);  Gal.  1:18],  this 
may  explain  the  "  many  days  "  in  Acts  9:23  and  the  fact  that,  as  a 
disciple,  he  was  practically  unknown  at  Jerusalem.  This  is  the  view 
of  many  leading  scholars,  and  is  adopted  in  these  lessons. 

(3)  The  Reasons  for  the  Retirement.  Like  Moses,  Elijah,  John  the 
Baptist,  and  even  Christ,  Saul  needed  seclusion  as  a  preparation  for 
his  futiire  work.  The  revelation  that  Jesus*  of  Nazareth  was  risen 
from  the  dead,  and  was  indeed  the  long-predicted  Messiah,  destroyed 
Saul's  whole  past  religious  life.  But  a  new  life,  a  new  interpretation 
of  the  Scriptures,  a  new  righteousness  resting  on  a  new  foundation, 
could  not  be  constructed  in  a  moment.  Saul  therefore  required  time 
to  secure,  under  the  guidance  of  the  Spirit,  that  marvelous  grasp  of 
Christian  truth  which  marked  his  subsequent  ministry.  It  seems 
probable  that  this  was  his  special  work  during  this  period  of  retire- 
ment. Here,  too,  he  possibly  received  that  direct  training  from  the 
Lord  which  made  him  independent  of  instruction  from  the  other 
apostles. 

Note  5.  Barnabas  and  Saul  in  Antioch.  Acts  11: 19-30;  12:25. 
Barnabas  was  a  Hellenistic  Jew  born  in  Cyprus.  He  was  a  relative 
of  Mary,  the  mother  of  Mark,  who  had  a  house  in  Jerusalem  (Acts 
12: 12).  This,  as  well  as  the  fact  that  he  was  a  property  owner  (Acts 
4:36,37),  indicates  that  the  family  was  of  some  importance.  Asa 
Levite  he  may  have  been  attached  to  the  official  staff  of  the  temple, 
and  so  may  have  heard  Jesus'  discourses  there.  His  name,  which 
means  "  son  of  exhortation  "  (A.  V.  consolation  *'),  may  have  been 
given  him  because  of  his  persuasive  and  consolatory  utterances. 

To  Barnabas  belongs  the  honor  of  first  recognizing  Saul's  genius 
for  Christian  work  and  of  introducing  to  the  church  her  greatest  mis- 
sionary. This  came  about  through  a  powerful  religious  movement 
among  the  Gentiles  in  Antioch,  then  the  third  largest  city  in  the  Ro- 
man empire.  So  many  of  the  Gentiles  were  converted  that  the  church 
at  Jerusalem  sent  Barnabas  to  look  into  the  matter.  The  readiness 
which  he  showed  to  receive  Gentiles  as  brethren  in  Christ  may  have 
been  due  in  part  to  his  liberal  Hellenistic  training,  and  in  part  to  his 


70  Outline  Bible  Studies  ^%mde 

knowledge  of  Peter*s  experiences  at  Joppa  and  Caesarea.  When 
Barnabas  saw  the  magnitude  of  the  work  in  Antioch,  he  saw  also  the 
need  of  a  helper  possessed  of  large  culture  and  broad  sympathies. 
There  was  only  one  man  in  the  Christian  church  who  had  these  quali- 


Antioch,  from  the  North  Bank  of  the  River  Orontes. 

The  bridge  is  on  the  road  to  Seleucia,  the  seaport  of  Antioch.  The  celebrated  grove  of  Daphne  waa 
about  four  miles  down  the  river,  to  the  right  of  the  picture. 


fications,  Saul  of  Tarsus,  and  to  him  Barnabas  turned  for  aid.  They 
preached  together  in  Antioch  with  great  success  for  a  year,  and  estab- 
lished the  important  Gentile  church  which  was  afterwards  for  many 
years  the  leading  church  in  Christendom. 


DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 

Sunday.         Saul's  Early  Christian  Training.    Acts  9: 196-30. 
Monday.        His  Work  in  Jerusalem,  Syria  and  Cilicia.  Acts  22 : 17-21; 
Gal.  1 : 17-24. 

Tuesday.  Barnabas  and  Saul  at  Antioch.  Acts  11:19-30;  12:25. 
Wednesday.  \  f  Ex.  2:11-25. 

Thursday.  )■  Moses*  Preparation  for  his  Future  Work,  -j  Ex.  ch.  3. 
Friday.        j  (  Ex.  ch.  4. 

Saturday.       Value  of  Religious  Meditation.    Ps.  119:97-112. 

Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:  Acts  9:196-30. 
Golden  Text:  "  I  am  with  thee,  and  will  keep  thee."    Gen.  28: 15. 


REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  known  of  Saul's  birthplace,  early  training,  trade  and 
citizenship?  2.  How  did  he  become  a  persecutor  of  the  church?  3. 
How  did  he  show  his  zeal  in  this  work?  4.  Tell  briefly  the  circum- 
stances of  his  conversion.  5.  What  resulted  from  the  visit  of  Ana- 
nias? 6.  Why  could  Saul  not  begin  his  Christian  work  at  once  (Note 
2)?    7.  What  is  the  title  of  this  lesson?   its  object?    its  Golden  Text? 


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LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 
Topic  1.    Saul  in  Damascus  and  Arabia.    Scattered  References. 

1.  How  did  Saul  prove  the 
genuineness  of  his  conversion?  (Acts 
9:20,22.) 


2.  How  were  his  hearers  affected? 
(Acts  9:21.) 


3.  State  briefly  his  movements 
after  leaving  Damascus.  (Gal.  1 : 
176,  18;  Notes  3,  4.) 


Traditional  Place  Where  Paul  was  Let 
.    TTTi_  J-  J  1  •  J  Down  in  a  Basket. 

4.  What  occurred  on  his  second  The  window  through  which  he  escaped  is 
visit    to    Damascus?       (Acts  9:23-25:      said  to  have  been  just  over  the  ruined  arch 

2r*        11.00QQ\  in  the  picture.  It  was  destroyed  a  lew  years 

L^Or.  1  i  .  oZ,  oo.)  ago  by  a  Moslem  fanatic. 


Topic  2.    Saul  in  Jerusalem,  Syria  and  Cilicia.    Scattered  References. 

5.  How  was  Saul  received  on  his  first  visit  to  Jerusalem  after  his 
conversion?    (Acts  9:26,  27;  Note  3  [4].) 


6.  What  apostles  did  he  see?    (Gal.  1:18,  19.) 


7.  What  was  his  work  in  and  around  Jerusalem  and  its  effects? 
(Acts  9:28-30.) 


8.  How  was  he  restrained  from  a  further  ministry  in  that  city? 
(Acts  22: 17-21;  Note  3  [5].) 


9.  Where  did  Saul  spend  the  next  few  years?    (Gal.  1 : 21.) 


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10.  What  churches  did  he  probably  establish  during  this  period? 
(Acts  15:23,  41;  Note  3  [6].) 


Topic  3.    Barnabas  and  Saul  in  Antioch.    Acts  11: 19-30;  12:25. 
11.  What  further  extension  of  the  Gospel  resulted  from  the  perse- 
cution in  Jerusalem?    (Acts  11 : 19-21.) 


12.  What  did  the  church  in  Jerusalem  do  when  informed  of  this 
work?    (Acts  11:22-24.) 


13.  Whom  did  Barnabas  secure  as  a  helper,  and  with  what  results? 
(Acts  11:25,  26.) 


14.  On  what  mission  were  Barnabas  and  Saul  sent  to  Jerusalem? 
(Acts  11:27-30;  12:25.) 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

15.  What  was  the  first  conspicuous  proof  of  Saul's  conversion 
(Acts  9 : 20,  22)  ?  What  was  the  second  (vss.  23,  24)  ?  Which  was  the 
greater,  willingness  to  speak  for  Christ  or  to  suffer  for  Him?  How 
may  we  show  ourselves  to  be  disciples  of  Christ  ? 

16.  What  were  probably  the  reasons  for  Saul's  long  sojourn  in 
Arabia  (Note  4)  ?  Why  should  those  who  wish  to  work  for  Christ 
prepare  themselves  in  the  best  possible  way? 

17.  Why  was  Saul  not  justified  in  staying  in  Damascus  or  Jerusalem 
when  his  life  was  in  danger  (Mt.  10:23)?  To  what  extent  should  we 
persevere  in  any  good  work  in  spite  of  opposition  and  difficulties? 

18.  What  notable  incident  was  connected  with  the  establishment 
of  the  first  Gentile  church  (Acts  11:26c)?  How  does  this  name  seem 
to  have  originated  ?  To .  what  did  it  testify  ?  To  what  should  it 
witness  to-day? 

19.  What  did  Saul  quickly  learn  as  a  result  of  his  work  for  Christ? 
(Memorize  answer.) 

"  Blessed  are  they  that  have  been  persecuted  for  righteousness*  sake:  for  theirs  is  the 
kingdom  of  heaven."    (Mt.  5: 10.) 

20.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  outline  of  that  portion  of  Saul's 
life  which  is  covered  by  this  lesson.  Trace  on  the  map  of  Syria  and 
Adjacent  Lands  his  journeys  up  to  this  time. 


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Lesson  16.    BARNABAS  AND  SAUL  SENT  TO  THE  GEN- 
TILES.    The  First  Missionary  Journey  Begun. 

Acts  ch.  13.   A.  D.  45  or  46. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  show  how  Barnabas  and  Saul 
were  sent  out  by  the  church  at  Antioch  as  the  first  missionaries  of  the 
Gospel. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  The  time  for  direct  Christian 
work  in  Gentile  lands  had  now  arrived.  By  a  variety  of  divine  lead- 
ings, Jewish  exclusiveness  had  been  broken  down  and  the  church 
taught  that  the  Gospel  was  not  for  a  single  nation  but  for  all  men. 
This  truth  was  doubtless  more  apparent  to  the  partly  Gentile  church 
in  Antioch  than  to  the  strictly  Jewish  church  in  Jerusalem;  hence 
the  former  was  a  better  starting-point  for  this  new  work.  The  best 
men  in  the  church  for  this  work  were  Barnabas  and  Saul  —  Barnabas, 
because  of  his  catholicity  of  spirit  as  shown  in  his  work  at  Antioch, 
and  Saul,  because  of  his  special  call  to  the  service  and  the  eight  or 
ten  years  of  training  which  he  had  already  received  for  it.  Both 
these  men,  also,  were  born  and  brought  up  in  Gentile  lands.  Thus 
both  the  church  and  the  men  were  ready  for  divine  revelation  which 
led  to  the  solemn  setting  apart  of  Barnabas  and  Saul  to  the  work  of 
carrying  the  Gospel  to  the  Gentiles.  At  this  point  Saul  enters  upon 
the  distinctive  work  of  his  life. 


Harbor  of  Seleucia,  the  Port  of  Antioch. 
The  place  from  which  Barnabas  and  Saul  set  sail  on  their  first  missionary  journey. 

Note  3.  John  Mark.  Acts  13:5.  When  Barnabas  and  Saul  started 
on  their  first  missionary  journey  they  were  accompanied  by  a  young 
man  named  John  Mark,  a  cousin  of  Barnabas  (Col.  4: 10),  and  son  of 
the  Mary  who  is  mentioned  in  Acts  12:12  as  having  a  residence  in 
Jerusalem  which  was  one  of  the  centers  of  the  Christian  movement. 


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Mark  accompanied  Barnabas  and  Saul  to  Antioch  when  they  returned 
from  their  ministry  to  the  famine-stricken  brethren  in  Judea  (Acts 
12:25).  He  made  the  tour  with  them  through  Cyprus,  but  when 
they  reached  Perga  on  the  mainland,  he  turned  back  for  some  reason 
which  is  not  stated,  but  which  apparently  was  not  satisfactory  to 
Paul  (Acts  15:36-40)  who  refused  to  take  him  along  on  the  second 
missionary  journey.  This  led  to  a  separation  between  Paul  and 
Barnabas,  the  latter  taking  Mark  as  his  companion.  Some  ten  or 
twelve  years  after  this  Mark  was  at  Rome  where  Paul  was  in  prison. 
The  references  to  him  in  Paul's  letters  at  this  time  (Col.  4:10,  11; 
Philemon  vs.  24)  show  a  happy  reconciliation  between  them.  The 
mention  of  Mark  in  1  Pet.  5: 13,  written  from  Rome  a  few  years  later, 
indicates  that  he  was  then  with  Peter,  from  whom  he  is  said  to  have 
received  the  reminiscences  embodied  in  the  second  Gospel.  Peter's 
reference  to  him  as  "  my  son  "  is  a  reminder  of  the  early  intimacy 
with  him  in  his  mother's  house  in  Jerusalem. 

Note  4.  Sergius  Paulus.  Acts  13:7.  One  of  the  memorable  inci- 
dents connected  with  the  tour  of  Barnabas  and  Saul  through  Cyprus 
was  the  conversion  of  the  governor  of  the  island.  There  were  two 
classes  of  Roman  provinces:   (1)  Imperial ^  requiring  a  military  force 


to  hold  them  in  subjection;  these  were  under  the  care  of  the  emperor, 
and  their  governors,  called  "  propraetors,"  were  appointed  by  him. 
(2)  Senatorial,  or  peaceful  provinces;  these  were  under  the  care  of  the 
senate,  who  appointed  their  governors  as  "  proconsuls."  Cyprus 
belonged  to  the  latter  class.  Among  the  inscriptions  exhumed  in 
Cyprus  is  one  dated  "  under  Sergius  Paulus  the  proconsul." 

Note  5.  SauPs  Name  Changed  to  Paul.  From  this  point  in  Luke's 
narrative  Saul,  the  Hebrew  name,  is  dropped  and  the  apostle  is  known 


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by  his  Roman  name,  PauL  Some  have  conjectured  that  this  change 
was  made  as  a  compliment  to  the  proconsul  Sergius  Paulus.  The 
better  explanation  is  that  the  custom  of  giving  two  names  to  Jewish 
children,  one  native  and  the  other  Greek  or  Roman,  was  very  common 
in  the  early  centuries.  In  the  case  of  the  apostle  his  native  name  is 
naturally  associated  with  his  earlier  history,  and  his  Roman  name 
with  his  missionary  work  in  the  Gentile  world.  The  fact  that  Paul 
at  this  point  assumed  the  leadership  is  suggested  by  the  reversed  order 
in  which  the  names  are  mentioned  —  no  longer  Barnabas  and  Saul  but 
Paul  and  Barnabas. 

Note  6.  Paul's  Address  in  Antioch  of  Pisidia.  Acts  13: 16-41. 
This  address  is  no  doubt  reported  by  Luke  as  typical  of  Paul's  mis- 
sionary discourses  when  speaking  to  the  Jews,  with  whom  in  every 
place  he  began  his  work.  Not  until  they  had  rejected  the  Gospel  did 
he  turn  to  the  Gentiles.  A  comparison  of  this  address  with  Stephen's 
defence,  which  Paul  must  have  heard,  shows  remarkable  similarities 
in  thought  and  construction.  He  begins  by  reminding  his  hearers  of 
the  distinguished  favors  which  God  had  bestowed  upon  the  Israelitish 
nation  (vss.  17-22),  which  favors  culminated  in  the  gift  of  the  promised 
Saviour,  Jesus  (vs.  23).    That  Jesus  was  the  Messiah  he  proved  by 


Ruins  of  a  Roman  Aqueduct  in  Antioch  of  Pisidia. 


the  testimony  of  John  the  Baptist  (vss.  24,  25),  by  His  rejection  by 
His  own  nation,  as  had  been  predicted  by  the  prophets  (vss.  26-29). 
and  by  His  resurrection  which  was  attested  both  by  eyewitnesses  and 
by  Scripture  (vss.  30-37).  Upon  these  facts  Paul  based  his  appeal  to 
his  hearers  to  turn  to  Jesus  for  that  righteousness  which  the  law  could 
not  give  (vss.  38,  39),  and  his  solemn  warning  against  rejecting  Jesus 
as  the  Messiah  (vss.  40,  41). 

Note  7.  Territorial  Names  in  the  Roman  Empire.  These  were  of 
twQ  kinds;  First,  political,  or  those  which  denoted  the  districts  iato 


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which  the  empire  was  divided  for  governmental  purposes,  such  as  the 
provinces  of  Cyprus,  Galatia,  etc.,  and  the  kingdom  of  Antiochus, 
kingdom  of  Herod,  etc.  These  are  the  names  most  commonly  referred 
to  in  the  book  of  Acts.  And  secondly,  tribal  or  other  local  names 
for  regions  of  indefinite  extent,  such  as  Phrygia,  Lycaonia,  etc.  These 
are  referred  to  occasionally  in  the  New  Testament. 

Some  names  are  used  in  both  these  senses,  as  for  instance,  Galatia, 
which  was  the  name  of  a  large  Roman  province  and  also  the  name  of 
a  district  in  the  northern  part  of  that  province  inhabited  by  the 
Galatian  people.  In  order  to  understand  the  geographical  references  in 
the  New  Testament  it  is  of  the  first  importance  that  the  distinction  between 
these  two  classes  of  names  should  he  kept  in  mind.  On  the  maps  in  these 
lessons  the  names  of  the  provinces,  etc.,  are  printed  in  ROMAN 
CAPITALS,  while  tribal  and  other  local  names  having  no  political 
significance  are  in  ITALIC  CAPITALS. 


Map  for  Tracing  Paul's  First  Missionary  Journey. 


The  map  herewith  includes  the  territory  covered  by  Paul's  first 
missionary  journey.  The  route  traveled  and  the  principal  events  at 
each  place  visited  should  be  carefully  fixed  in  mind.  As  an  aid  in 
remembering  the  route,  trace  it  carefully  with  pen  or  pencil  on  the 
map  as  it  is  studied,  using  arrows  to  indicate  the  direction  traveled. 


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Compare  this  map  with  the  colored  map  at  the  beginning  of  the 
quarterly,  so  as  to  understand  the  relations  of  this  part  of  the  Roman 
Empire  to  the  whole  empire. 


DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 
Barnabas  and  Saul  Sent  to  Cyprus .    Acts  13:1-12. 

}(  Acts  13  : 13-26, 
The  Work  in  Antioch  of  Pisidia .     Acts  1 3  : 2  7 -4 1 . 
(Acts  13:42-52. 
A  Warning  to  Unbelievers.    Hab.  i :  i  - 1 1 . 

}  The  Rejection  of  Israel.  { 

Rom.  10: 12-21. 

Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:  Acts  13:42-52. 
Golden  Text:  **  We  bring  you  good  tidings.'*    Acts  13:32. 


Sunday. 

Monday. 

Tuesday. 

Wenesday. 

Thursday. 

Friday. 

Saturday. 


REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  State  briefly  the  history  of  Saul's  life  from  his  departure  from 
Jerusalem  as  a  persecutor  till  his  return  as  a  preacher  of  the  Gospel. 

2.  What  occurred  at  this  first  visit  to  Jerusalem  after  his  conversion? 

3.  Where  and  how  was  he  engaged  during  the  next  four  or  five  years? 

4.  Who  was  Barnabas?  5.  How  did  Barnabas  and  Saul  come  to 
labor  together  at  Antioch?  6.  What  resulted  from  their  work? 
7.  What  is  the  title  of  this  lesson?  its  object?  its  Golden  Text? 


LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 
Topic  1.    Barnabas  and  Saul  Sent  Forth.    Acts  13: 1-12. 
1.  State  briefly  how  Barnabas 
and  Saul  were  sent  out  as  mission- 
aries.   (Acts  13:1-3.) 


2.  Where  did  they  first  go? 
(Acts  13:4,5.  Trace  the  route 
carefully  on  the  map;  see  Note  7.) 


3.  Whom  did  they  find  at 
Paphos?  (Acts  13:6,  7a;  Note  4.) 


4.  What  did  Elymas  seek  to 

do,  and  how  was  he  punished?  .       u    °  x    — 

10.0  11  \  in  the  shrine.  Incense  was  burnt  on  the  altarln  iron* 
^.ACtS  1  d .     1 1 of  the  shrine.-L^^M, 


Temple  of  Venus,  at  Paphos.  Restored. 

The  image  of  the  goddess  was  the  cone  shown 


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5.  How  was  the  proconsul  affected  by  what  he  saw  and  heard? 
(Acts  13:76,  12.) 


6.  What  special  facts  are  here  noted  respecting  Saul?  (Acts  13:9; 
Note  5.) 


Topic  2.    Paul  and  Barnabas  in  Antioch  of  Pisidia.    Acts  13: 13-52. 

7.  What  occurred  when  Paul  and  his  company  left  Cyprus?  (Acts 
13:13.) 


8.  What  did  Paul  and  Barnabas  do  on  their  first  Sabbath  in  Antioch 
of  Pisidia?    (Acts  13 : 14-16.) 


9.  Opposite  the  following  references  state  the  main  points  in  Paul's 
address  in  the  synagogue  at  Antioch  in  Pisidia.  (Acts  13:17-41; 
Note  6.) 

Vss.  17-22. 
Vs.  23. 
Vss.  24,  25. 
Vss.  26-29. 
Vss.  30-37. 
Vss.  38, 39. 
Vss.  40, 41. 

10.  What  is  the  leading  thought  in  this  address?  How  was  Jesus 
shown  to  be  the  Messiah?  Whom  did  Paul  cite  as  witnesses  to  the 
resurrection?  What  sonship  did  he  attribute  to  Jesus?  What  did 
he  mean  by  **  the  sure  blessings  of  David  "? 

11.  How  were  Paul's  boarers  affected  by  this  address?  (Acts  13: 
42,  43.) 


,  The  Apostolic  Leaders  79 

Seventeen  ^ 

12.  State  briefly  what  occurred  on  the  following  Sabbath.  (Acts 
13:44-48.) 


13.  What  further  experiences  did  the  apostles  have  in  this  place? 
(Acts  13:49-52.) 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

14.  Why  was  the  beginning  of  Christian  missions  committed  to  the 
church  at  Antioch  rather  than  to  the  mother  church  in  Jerusalem 
(Note  2)?  How  was  Barnabas  especially  qualified  for  this  work 
(Acts  4:36,  37;  11:24)?  How  was  Saul?  To  what  special  work  had 
Saul  been  called  (Acts  22:21;  26:16-18)? 

15.  What  did  Paul  aim  to  prove  in  his  address  in  the  synagogue  at 
Antioch  of  Pisidia?  How  did  he  attempt  to  prove  this?  To  what 
great  fact  did  he  testify? 

16.  What  is  meant  by  Messianic  prophecy?  In  whom  did  Paul 
say  that  Messianic  prophecy  had  been  fulfilled  (Acts  13:23,  32,  33)? 
Mention  some  prophecies  respecting  the  Messiah  and  His  kingdom 
that  have  not  yet  been  fulfilled  (Is.  53:11a;  1  Cor.  15:24-28)?  What 
can  we  do  to  hasten  their  fulfillment  ? 

17.  How  did  Paul  proclaim  the  superiority  of  Christ  to  Moses? 
(Memorize  answer.) 

"By  him  every  one  that  belie  veth  is  justified  from  all  things,  from  which  ye  could  not 
be  justified  by  the  law  of  Moses."    (Acts  13 : 39.) 

18.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  summary  of  Paul's  work  and 
experiences  as  noted  in  this  lesson. 


Lesson  17.    PAUL  AND  BARNABAS  IN  GALAm.  The 
First  Missionary  Journey  Ended.    Acts  ch.  14. 
About  A.  D.  48  or  49. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  show  how  Paul  and  Barnabas 
on  their  first  missionary  journey  established  churches  at  various  points 
in  southern  Galatia,  and  afterward  returned  to  Antioch  in  Syria. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  After  Paul  and  Barnabas  had 
been  expelled  from  Antioch  of  Pisidia  they  went  successively  to 
Iconium  about  ninety  miles  southeast  from  Antioch,  to  Lystra  about 
twenty-five  miles  southwest  from  Iconium,  and  to  Derbe  about  thirty- 
five  miles  southeast  from  Lystra.  That  a  considerable  time  was  spent 
in  each  of  these  places  is  indicated  by  the  successes  which  crowned  their 


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work.  These  successes  were  not  achieved  without  violent  opposition, 
chiefly  from  the  unconverted  Jews,  who  everywhere  proved  to  be 
implacable  enemies  of  the  Gospel,  neither  receiving  it  themselves  nor 
suffering  the  Gentiles  to  do  so.  When  they  did  not  venture  personally 
to  attack  the  apostles  they  stirred  up  the  heathen  population  against 
them.  Notwithstanding  this  opposition  strong  churches  were  founded 
in  all  these  cities. 


View  in  Iconium,  Modern  Konieh. 
This  city  is  situated  on  a  fertile  plain.  It  is  still,  as  in  Paul's  time,  an  important  commercial  center. 

Note  3.  Paul's  Missionary  Policy.  The  plan  pursued  by  Paul  on 
the  first  missionary  journey  is  indicative  of  the  course  pursued  by 
him  in  all  his  subsequent  work  for  the  extension  of  the  Gospel.  This 
plan  embraced  two  particulars:  first,  to  make  the  chief  cities  of  the 
Roman  empire  the  centers  of  his  work,  to  the  end  that  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  strong  churches  at  these  leading  points  the  Gospel  might 
spread  from  them  into  the  surrounding  country  by  the  efforts  of  the 
converts  themselves;  and,  secondly,  to  use  as  far  as  possible  the  syna- 
gogues as  means  whereby  to  reach  the  Gentiles.  The  wisdom  of  this 
course  is  seen  when  it  is  remembered  that  the  Jews  in  every  place 
where  they  had  planted  themselves  showed  great  zeal  in  winning 
proselytes  from  the  heathen.  By  presenting  the  Gospel  first  of  all  to 
the  Jews,  Paul  was  enabled  at  the  same  time  to  present  it  to  the  less 
prejudiced  Gentile  proselytes.  When  the  former  rejected  the  message 
and  excluded  the  missionaries  from  the  synagogues,  it  was  found  that 
many  of  the  latter  had  become  deeply  and  permanently  interested  in 
their  message.  These  formed  a  center  from  which  the  Gospel  spread 
in  widening  circles  among  their  heathen  relatives  and  friends.  While 
the  author  of  Acts  naturally  calls  attention  almost  exclusively  to 
Paul's  public  activity  it  is  probable  that  most  of  his  converts  were 
won  by  quiet  hand-to-hand  work. 


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Note  4.  Jupiter  and  Mercury.  Acts  14:12,13.  Jupiter  was  at 
this  time  the  chief  god  of  the  Lycaonians,  and  Mercury  was  his  attend- 
ant and  messenger.  Barnabas,  whose  personal  appearance  may  have 
been  the  more  impressive,  was  identified  with  Jupiter,  and  Paul,  as 
the  chief  speaker,  with  Mercury.  An  ancient  legend  related  that 
these  gods  had  at  one 
time  visited  this  region 
in  human  form,  but 
were  everywhere  re- 
fused hospitality  until 
they  reached  the  hut 
of  an  aged  peasant 
named  Philemon  and 
his  wife  Baucis.  The 
gods  rewarded  their 
kindness  by  changing 
their  hut  into  a  fine 
temple  and  making 
Philemon  a  priest  and 
Baucis    a  priestess. 

From  a  bas-relief  on  rrM         t      j.  • 

a  tomb.  On  this  tomb  ine    JLystrians,  on 

is  an  inscription  sup-         .  ,  i  .  ^ 

posed  to  be  in  the  un-  SCCmg  the  miraclc 
known  Lycaonian  Ian-  -u  x      -u         t->  i 

guage.  wrought     by  Paul, 

leaped  to  the  conclusion  that  these  gods  had  reappeared,  and  then 
hastened  to  honor  them  with  appropriate  sacrifices,  which  as  usual 
were  decorated  with  wreaths  and  garlands.  In  the  epistle  to  the 
Galatians  (4:14)  Paul  apparently  alludes  to  this  incident  when  he 
says,  "Ye  received  me  as  an  angel  [literally,  a  messenger]  of  God." 

Notes.  The  Return  through  South  Galatia.  Acts  14: 21-23. 
Several  reasons  may  have  operated  in  deciding  Paul  to  return  the  way 
he  had  come  rather  than  press  on  over  the  lofty  Taurus  mountains 
to  Syria.  He  may  have  reached  Derbe  in  winter  when  the  high  passes 
in  the  mountains  would  be  impassable  from  snow.  But  more  likely 
the  leading  motive  was  the  desire  to  revisit  the  churches  he  had  planted 
at  Lystra  and  elsewhere  and  from  which  he  had  been  driven  away 
before  he  had  had  time  to  complete  his  work.  So  long  as  the  mis- 
sionaries spent  their  time  quietly  in  the  circle  of  converts  they  had 
already  made  and  refrained  from  public  preaching  it  seems  that  they 
had  nothing  to  fear.  Such  work  would  not  be  likely  to  raise  a  com- 
motion. So  far  as  the  town  magistrates  had  taken  action  against 
them  it  was  not  for  preaching  a  new  religion,  for  at  that  time  all  parts 


Jupiter  and  Mercury. 
From  an  ancient  altar. 


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of  the  Roman  empire  enjoyed  a  good  measure  of  religious  liberty,  but 

because  of  the  disturbances  that  had  arisen  in  connection  with  their 
preaching.  Nothing  was  regarded  with  greater  dread  by  the  town 
officials  than  popular  uprisings.  However  innocent  Paul  and  Barna- 
bas may  have  been  in  respect  to  the  uproars  that  the  Jews  instigated, 
they  were  banished,  to  prevent  further  breaches  of  the  peace. 


Attalia,  Modern  Adalia. 

The  port  from  which  Paul  sailed  for  Syria  at  the  close  of  the  first  missionary  journey.  It  has  a  fine 
harbor,  and  was  then,  as  now,  the  chief  port  on  the  south  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 

Note  6.  Duration  of  the  First  Missionary  Journey.  It  is  commonly 
supposed  that  this  journey  lasted  about  three  years.  Granting  six 
months  for  the  tour  through  Cyprus,  and  six  for  the  return  from 
Derbe,  we  may  allow  four  months  for  Antioch  of  Pisidia,  eight  for  the 
**  long  time  "  in  Iconium,  and  six  each  for  Lystra  and  Derbe  —  cer- 
tainly not  long  periods  for  strangers  to  win  confidence  in  new  com- 
munities, gain  converts  from  heathenism,  and  establish  strong  and 
flourishing  churches. 

DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 

Sunday.        Success  and  Persecution  in  Iconium.    Acts  14:1-7. 
Monday.        Paul  Worshiped  and  Stoned  in  Lystra.    Acts  14 : 8-20. 
Tuesday.       The  Return  from  Derbe  to  Syria.    Acts  14 : 21-28. 
Wednesday.  Paul's  Sufferings  for  the  Gospel.    2  Cor.  11:23-33. 
Thursday.      Paul  Glorying  in  Persecution.    2  Cor.  12:1-10. 
Friday.  Christ's  Prayer  for  His  Disciples.    Jo.  17:6-19. 

Saturday.      A  Song  of  Confidence.    Psalm  121. 

Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:   Acts  14:8-20. 
Golden  Text:  "Be  thou  faithful  unto  death,  and  I  will  give  thee 
the  crown  of  life."    Rev.  2: 10. 

REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  was  Saul  prepared  for  his  missionary  work?  2.  How  did 
the  missionary  movement  originate  at  Antioch?    3.  What  special 


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features  marked  the  work  of  Barnabas  and  Saul  in  Cyprus?  4.  Where 
did  they  go  from  Cyprus,  and  what  occurred  on  the  way?  5.  What 
was  the  main  purpose  of  Paul's  address  in  the  synagogue  at  Antioch 
of  Pisidia?  6.  What  resulted  from  the  work  in  this  city?  7.  What 
is  the  title  of  this  lesson?  its  object?  its  Golden  Text? 

LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 
Topic  1.    Success  and  Persecution  in  Iconium.    Acts  14:1-7. 

Note  7.  On  the  map  in  Lesson  16  continue  the  journey-line  of  Paul  and  Barnabas 
from  Antioch  of  Pisidia  to  Derbe  and  back  again  to  Antioch  in  Syria.  Look  up  in  the 
B.  D.  all  the  places  mentioned. 

1.  What  three  results  attended  the  preaching  of  Paul  and  Barnabas 
in  Iconium?    (Acts  14: 1-3;  Note  3.) 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

2.  What  trouble  presently  arose?    (Acts  14:4,50 


3.  Where  did  the  apostles  then  go?    (Acts  14:6,  7.) 


Topic  2.    Paul  Worshiped  and  Stoned  at  Lystra 

4.  Tell  the  story  of  the  miracle 
which  Paul  wrought  at  Lystra. 
(Acts  14:8-10.) 


5.  How  did  this  affect  the  people  ? 
(Acts  14:11-13.) 


6.  What  did  the  apostles  do  to 
restrain  the  people  from  worshiping 
them?   (Acts  14: 14.) 


Acts  14:8-20. 


7.  What  did  they  say? 
14:15-18.) 


Ruins  of  an  Ancient  Church  in  L3rstra. 

(Acts  There  are  80  many  ruins  of  churches  in  this  vicin- 
ity that  it  has  been  called  **  the  place  of  a  thouBand 
and  one  churches." 


84  Outline  Bible  Studies  ^^"^^  . 

^  Grade 
8.  How  did  the  people  soon  show  their  fickleness?    (Acts  14: 19.) 


9.  How  was  the  evil  purpose  of  Paul's  enemies  defeated?  (Acts 
14:20.) 


Topic  3.    The  Return  from  Derbe  to  Sjrria.   Acts  14:21-28. 
10.  Describe  the  movements  of  Paul  and  Barnabas  after  leaving 
Lystra.    (Acts  14:21;  Note  5.) 


11.  What  did  they  do  for  the  churches  on  their  return  from  Derbe? 
Acts  14:22. 

Acts  14:23. 

12.  Where  did  Paul  and  Barnabas  now  preach  for  the  first  time? 
(Acts  14:25.) 


13.  What  did  they  do  on  reaching  Antioch  in  Syria?  (Acts  14:27, 
28.) 


14.  How  much  time  was  probably  consumed  by  this  first  missionary 
journey  (Note  6)  ?  How  much  time  may  Paul  and  Barnabas  be  sup- 
posed to  have  spent  in  each  of  the  South  Galatian  cities?  In  what 
three  Roman  provinces  did  they  work? 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

15.  What  did  Paul  perceive  in  the  lame  man  at  Lystra?  Why  may 
we  infer  that  he  had  heard  Paul  preach  (Rom.  10:17)?  What  did 
this  miracle  testify  to  the  people  in  respect  to  the  message  brought 
by  the  apostles?  What  did  it  suggest  as  to  the  blessings  brought  by 
Christianity?  How  does  it  resemble  a  miracle  wrought  by  Peter  in 
Jerusalem  (Acts  3 : 4-8)  ? 

16.  How  did  Paul  and  Barnabas  correct  the  error  of  the  people  of 
Lystra?  What  truths  concerning  God  did  Paul  declare  to  them? 
why  is  it  more  reasonable  to  believe  in  one  God  than  in  many  gods? 

17.  What  is  the  external  world  able  to  teach  us  about  God  (Acts 
14:15-17)?    What  can  it  not  teach?    What  was  the  necessity  of  God 


^Eighteen  "^^^  AposioUc  Leaders  S5 

revealing  Himself  to  men  through  Jesus  Christ?  Is  any  further 
revelation  needed? 

18.  How  does  God  continually  testify  of  His  presence  in  the  world? 
(Memorize  answer.) 

"  He  left  not  t^imself  without  witness,  in  that  he  did  good  and  gave  you  from  heaven 
rains  and  fruitful  seasons,  filling  your  hearts  with  food  and  gladness."    (Acts  14:17.) 

19.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  statement  of  the  work  and 
travels  of  Paul  and  Barnabas  as  noted  in  this  lesson. 


Lesson  18.    PAUL  THE  CHAMPION  OF  LIBERTY.  The 
Church  Freed  from  the  Jewish  Law.    Acts  15: 
1-35;  Gal.  ch.  2.    About  a.  d.  50  or  51. 

Note  1.    Object  of  this  Lesson.    To  show  how  Paul  at  the  council 

in  Jerusalem,  and  in  Antioch,  assisted  in  part  by  Peter  and  Barnabas, 
established  the  freedom  of  Christian  believers  from  bondage  to  Jewish 
legal  requirements. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  The  admission  of  Gentiles  into 
the  church  on  no  other  ground  than  faith  in  Christ  demanded  a  great 
change  of  ideas  in  the  Jews.  The  conversion  of  Cornelius  settled  the 
fact  that  salvation  was  for  the  Gentiles,  but  it  did  not  decide  the  terms 
on  which  they  might  enter  the  church,  and  besides  was  probably 
regarded  by  most  as  an  entirely  exceptional  case.  On  this  question 
the  Jews  in  other  lands  would  naturally  be  more  liberal  than  those  in 
Palestine.  This  was  especially  clear  in  the  church  at  Antioch,  where 
Gentiles  were  received  on  perfect  equality  with  Jews. 

So  long  as  this  practice  was  confined  to  the  church  at  Antioch,  the 
Jewish  zealots  in  Jerusalem  apparently  did  not  interefere.  They 
probably  looked  on  this,  too,  as  an  exceptional  case.  But  when  they 
heard  of  the  great  number  of  Gentiles  that  Paul  and  Barnabas  had 
admitted  to  the  church  in  Cyprus  and  Galatia,  they  became  thoroughly 
alarmed,  and  hastened  to  Antioch  with  the  announcement  that  con- 
formity to  the  Jewish  law  was  an  indispensable  condition  of  salvation. 
Paul  and  Barnabas  resisted  this  teaching,  and  so  much  discussion 
arose  that  the  church  sent  these  two  missionaries  and  others  to  ask 
the  church  at  Jerusalem  to  decide  the  matter.  In  the  debate  that 
followed,  Paul  and  Barnabas  were  ably  seconded  by  Peter  and  other 
apostles.  James,  the  leader  of  the  church  in  Jerusalem,  then  prepared 
a  solution  of  the  question  to  which  the  whole  church  agreed,  and 
^hich  was  a  substantial  victory  for  Pauline  ideas. 


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Note  3.  Paul  at  the  Council  in  Jerusalem.  Acts  15: 2-4. 12;  Gal. 
2: 1-10.  In  going  up  to  Jerusalem  Paul  took  with  him  not  only  Barna- 
bas, who  had  been  an  honored  and  influential  member  of  that  church, 
but  Titus,  probably  one  of  his  converts,  as  a  representative  of  the 
Gentile  Christians,  After  a  courteous  reception  by  the  apostles  and 
elders,  the  two  missionaries  told  what  God  had  wrought  through  them. 
But  their  narrative,  instead  of  inducing  the  Pharisaic  party  to  recognize 
these  converts  as  Christian  brethren,  led  them  to  insist  on  their  cir- 
cumcision. To  these  narrow-minded  zealots  there  could  be  no  full 
Christian  discipleship  without  conformity  to  the  Jewish  law. 

Paul  saw  that  the  prejudices  of  these  "  false  brethren  "  (Gal.  2:4) 

were  too  strong  to  be  overcome  in 
public  debate.  Therefore  he  ad- 
dressed himself  in  private  to  the 
apostolic  leaders,  whom  he  con- 
vinced that  Gentile  Christianity  was 
from  God.  Through  these  leaders 
he  succeeded  in  bringing  the  church 
as  a  whole  to  approve  the  principle 
that  circumcision  in  the  case  of  Gen- 
tile converts  was  not  necessary  to 
salvation.  There  was  still  a  large 
party  of  extremists  who  insisted  that 
Titus,  having  come  to  Jerusalem, 
Paul,  the  Champion  of  Christian  Liberty,  should  be  circumcised,  and  that 
By  Raphael.  such  a  couccssion  would  tend  to 

allay  the  bitterness  of  the  opposition  in  that  city.  Paul  saw,  however, 
that  assent  to  this  proposition  meant  the  practical  abandonment  of 
his  position  regarding  Gentile  freedom  from  the  law,  and  refused  to 
consider  it. 

Note  4.  Peter's  Address.  Acts  15:7-11.  Peter's  argument  laid 
stress  on  three  points :  (a)  that  the  gift  of  the  Holy  Spirit  to  uncircum- 
cised  Gentiles,  as  shown  in  the  case  of  Cornelius  and  his  friends,  proved 
conclusively  that  there  was  no  difference  in  God's  sight  between  them 
and  the  Jews,  and  that  God  intended  that  they  should  be  received  on 
equal  terms  (vss.  76-9) ;  {h)  that  it  would  be  cruel  to  force  the  Gentiles 
to  obey  a  law  whose  yoke  the  Jews  themselves  had  never  been  able  to 
bear  (vs.  10);  and  {c)  that  the  Jews  as  well  as  the  Gentiles  had  tc 
believe  in  order  to  be  saved,  that  is,  that  in  this  respect  Jews  had  to 
become  as  Gentiles,  so  that  it  was  clearly  unnecessary  to  ask  Gentiles 
to  become  as  Jews  (vs.  11). 


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Note  5.    James'  Address  and  the  Decision  of  the  Council.  Acts 

15:13-21.  The  strict  Jews  had  been  silenced  but  not  convinced  by- 
Peter's  argument.  James,  therefore,  showed  that  according  to 
prophecy  the  "  tabernacle  of  David  "  —  the  new  kingdom  of  God  in 
the  Messianic  period  —  was  to  be  built  up  from  a  people  chosen  out 
of  "  the  Gentiles,"  and  not  from  the  Jews  only,  as  many  thought. 
He  advised  that  those  now  turning  from  heathenism  to  God  should 
not  be  hampered  by  ceremonial  requirements  as  conditions  of  entrance 
into  the  church;  but  that,  as  a  concession  to  those  who  still  accepted 
the  authority  of  Moses,  and  purely  in  a  spirit  of  brotherly  love,  they 
should  be  asked  to  abstain  from  certain  practices  abhorrent  to  their 
Jewish  brethren.    To  this  the  council  agreed. 

Note  6.  Paul's  Victory.  This  decision  was  a  victory  for  Paxil  on 
every  point  for  which  he  had  contended.  It  meant  that  circumcision 
and  the  Jewish  law  were  no  longer  binding  on  the  Gentile  converts. 
But  it  did  not  establish  a  similar  freedom  for  the  Jews,  although  the 
principle  behind  the  decision,  namely,  that  salvation  comes  solely 
through  faith  in  Christ,  really  rendered  all  Jewish  legal  observances 
void.  Although  Paul  may  have  perceived  this,  the  council  apparently 
did  not,  and  expected  that  Jewish  Christians  would  continue  to  observe 
the  Jewish  law  as  before.  They  even  made  a  special  arrangement 
with  Paul  whereby  the  original  apostles  were  to  work  in  Jewish  mis- 
sionary fields,  while  he  was  to  work  in  Gentile  fields  (Gal.  2:9).  The 
decision  therefore  seemingly  established  two  forms  of  Christianity, 
Jewish  and  Gentile,  and  provided  a  way  by  which  they  could  live 
together  harmoniously,  but  yet  it  was  based  on  a  principle  which 
insured  the  eventual  disappearance  of  one  of  these  forms  and  the 
supremacy  of  the  other. 

Note  7.  Peter  and  Paul  at  Antioch.  Gal.  2:11-21.  This  truth 
began  to  appear  soon  afterward  at  Antioch,  when  trouble  arose  about 
the  social  relations  of  the  Jews  and  the  Gentiles.  The  refusal  of  Peter 
and  others  to  eat  with  the  Gentiles  was  based  wholly  on  ceremonial 
grounds.  But  Paul  in  his  masterly  argument  to  Peter  showed  that 
a  Christianity  based  on  such  grounds  was  a  denial  of  the  Gospel  ©f 
Christ.  He  put  the  case  with  the  utmost  clearness  —  either  Christ 
saves  and  the  law  does  not,  or  the  law  saves  and  Christ  does  not. 
If  salvation  comes  by  obedience  to  the  law,  then  Christ  died  in  vain. 
In  this  exposition  of  fundamental  Christianity  Paul  showed  the  radical 
error  of  the  Jewish  position  and  prepared  the  way  for  its  ultimate 
abandonment,  for  if  Christ  stood  for  salvation  by  faith  alone,  then 
the  mission  of  Judaism  was  ended.    The  conflict  between  the  idea  ot 


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salvation  by  faith  and  that  of  salvation  through  dependence  on  Jewish 
forms  and  ceremonies  was  one  of  life  and  death.  Both  could  not  be 
true,  nor  could  both  survive  permanently.  Paul's  victory  for  salva- 
tion through  faith  saved  Christianity  from  being  destroyed  by  Judaism 
and  made  it  a  world-religion.  No  more  important  service  has  been 
rendered  to  the  church  since  the  days  of  Christ. 

DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 

Sunday.      '\  f  Acts  15 :  i-ii. 

Monday.  Y  Peter,  Paul  and  Barnabas  in  Jerusalem.  \  Acts  15:12-21. 
Tuesday.     J  (  Acts  15  : 22-35. 

Wednesday.  Paul's  Account  of  the  Council  in  Jerusalem.    Gal.  2 :  i-io. 
Thursday.      Peter  and  Paul  at  Variance  in  Antioch.    Gal.  2:11-21. 
Friday.  Circumcision  a  Badge  of  the  Law.    Gal.  5:1-12. 

Saturday.       The  Law  Fulfilled  through  Love.    Gal.  5  : 13-24. 
Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:   Acts  15:  22-29. 
Golden  Text:  **  Other  sheep  I  have,  which  are  not  of  this  fold." 
Jo.  10:16. 

REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  Where  did  Christian  missions  originate?  2.  At  what  point  in 
the  narrative  is  Saul  first  called  Paul  ?  3.  What  did  Saul  and  Barnabas 
accomplish  at  Antioch  of  Pisidia?  at  Iconium?  4.  What  strange 
experiences  befell  them  at  Lystra?  5.  What  truths  concerning  God 
did  Paul  declare  at  Lystra?  6.  Describe  the  return  from  Derbe  to 
Antioch  in  Syria.  7.  What  is  the  title  of  this  lesson?  its  object? 
its  Golden  Text? 

LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 

Topic  1.    The  Council  at  Jerusalem.    Acts  15:1-35;  Gal.  2:1-10. 

1.  How  did  the  church  at  Antioch  meet  the  demand  made  by  the 
Judaizers  from  Jerusalem?  (Acts  15: 1,  2;  comp.  Gal.  2: 1,  2a,  4,  5; 
Note  2.) 


2.  What  did  Paul  and  Barnabas  do  on  the  way  from  Antioch  to 
Jerusalem?    (Acts  15:3.) 


3.  What  occurred  in  Jerusalem  before  the  ooundl  met? 
Acts  16:4,  5  ;  Note  3. 


Gal.  2:26,3. 


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Note  8.  Of  Peter's  whereabouts  from  the  time  of  his  departure  from  Jerusalem  after 
his  miraculous  deliverance  from  prison  until  the  time  of  this  council  nothing  is  known. 
As  the  persecution  begun  by  Herod  originated  in  political  motives  it  must  have  ceased 
at  his  death,  when  Judea  again  became  a  Roman  province.  The  fact  that  James,  rather 
than  Peter,  was  the  leader  of  the  church  in  Jerusalem  at  the  time  of  the  council  suggests 
that  Peter  had  been  absent  from  the  city  the  greater  part  of  the  six  or  seven  years  since 
his  flight. 

4.  State  briefly  the  three  leading  points  in  Peter's  address.  (Acts 
15:7-11;  comp.  chs.  10,  11;  Note  4.) 

Vss.  76-9. 
Vs.  10. 
Vs.  11. 

5.  To  what  did  Barnabas  and  Paul  testify?    (Acts  15: 12.) 


6.  How  did  James*  citation  from  prophecy  bear  upon  the  subject 
under  debate?    (Acts  15: 13-18;  Note  5.) 


7.  What  solution  of  the  trouble  did  he  propose?  (Acts  15:19-21; 
Note  5.) 


8.  What  was  done  as  a  result  of  this  suggestion?    (Acts  15 : 22-29.) 


9.  What  special  sphere  of  labor  was  recognized  at  this  time  as 
belonging  to  Peter,  and  what  to  Paul?   (Gal.  2:7-9.) 


10.  State  briefly  how  the  council's  action  was  reported  to  the  church 
in  Antioch.    (Acts  15:30-33.) 


11.  What  is  said  of  the  further  work  of  Paul  and  Barnabas?  (Acts 
15:35.) 


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Grade 

Topic  2.    Peter  and  Paul  in  Antioch.    Gal.  2:11-21. 
12.  What  occasioned  trouble  between  Peter  and  Paul  in  Antioch? 
(Gal.  2:11-13;  Note  7.) 


13.  How  did  Paul  show  that  Jews  as  well  as  Gentiles  were  freed 
from  the  Jewish  law?    (Gal.  2: 14-16.) 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

14.  What  made  the  position  of  the  Judaizing  teachers  in  Antioch  so 
hard  to  contest  (Note  2)  ?  By  what  arguments  did  Peter  show  that 
this  position  was,  nevertheless,  incorrect?  What  does  this  imply  as 
to  our  right  attitude  toward  Scripture  truth? 

15.  What  is  taught  in  this  lesson  about  the  way  of  salvation  (Acts 
15: 11)?  Why  can  there  be  but  one  way  of  salvation  for  men?  How 
is  salvation  through  Christ  perfectly  adapted  to  the  needs  of  all? 
How  can  it  be  made  available  for  any?    What  is  salvation? 

16.  What  would  have  been  the  probable  result  to  the  church  if  the 
Judaizers  had  prevailed?  Why  was  this  one  of  the  most  important 
turning-points  in  the  history  of  the  church?  What  may  we  infer  from 
it  as  to  God's  guiding  hand  in  human  affairs? 

17.  On  what  general  principle  did  Paul  sum  up  his  argument  touch- 
ing the  freedom  of  Christians  from  the  Jewish  law  ?    (Memorize  answer.) 

"  If  righteousness  is  through  the  law,  then  Christ  died  for  nought."    (Gal.  2:21.) 

18.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  statement  of  the  occasion,  the 
deliberations,  and  the  results  of  the  council  in  Jerusalem. 


Lesson  19.    PAUL  IN  TROAS  AND  PHILIPPL    The  Second 

Missionary  Journey  Begun.    Acts  15:36 — 16:15. 
About  A.  D.  51. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  show  how  Paul  was  divinely 
guided  to  carry  Christianity  into  Europe. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  A  personal  difference  between 
Paul  and  Barnabas  over  Mark  led  to  their  separation.  The  former 
chose  as  his  traveling  companion  Silas,  a  "  prophet,"  or  inspired 
teacher,  who  had  been  sent;  by  the  council  at  Jerusalem  with  Paul  and 
Barnabas  to  report  the  decision  respecting  the  Gentile  converts. 
After  revisiting  the  churches  in  South  Galatia,  Paul  evidently  planned 


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further  work  in  the  large  cities  of  western  Asia  Minor.  But  in  some 
providential  way  this  plan  was  thwarted,  and  he  was  guided  by  the 
Spirit  northward  and  westward  until  he  reached  Troas  on  the  -^gean 
sea.  Here  the  purpose  of  this  long  and  toilsome  journey  was  made 
clear  by  an  unmistakable  divine  call  to  cross  over  into  Macedonia, 
where  the  evangelization  of  Europe  began  in  a  little  prayer-meeting 
on  the  river  bank  at  Philippi. 

Note  3.  Timothy.  Acts  16:1.  Upon  revisiting  Lystra,  Paul  and 
Silas  were  joined  by  a  young  man  named  Timothy,  one  of  Paul's 


Troas,  the  Place  of  Paul's  Call  to  Macedonia. 


former  converts  at  this  place,  who  proved  from  this  time  on  until  the 
close  of  Paul's  life  one  of  his  most  valuable  assistants.  To  him  were 
addressed  two  of  Paul's  epistles,  the  second  of  which  contains  the 
apostle's  last  words  before  his  martyrdom.  As  a  matter  of  expediency 
Paul  circumcised  him,  because  the  Jews  to  whom  he  afterwards 
preached  would  not  have  listened  to  him  if  he,  the  son  of  a  Jewish 
mother,  and  hence  in  their  thought  a  Jew,  had  not  submitted  to  the 
Jewish  rite.  This  fact  that  Timothy's  mother  was  a  Jewess  placed 
his  case  in  a  wholly  different  class  from  that  of  Titus  whom  Paul 
refused  to  circumcise  (Gal.  2:3-5;  Note  3,  Lesson  18). 

Note  4.  Paul's  Route  from  Antioch  in  Pisidia  to  Troas.  Acts 
16: 6,  7.  Until  within  a  few  years  it  was  held  that  when  Paul  **  went 
through  the  region  of  Phrygia  and  Galatia,"  he  made  a  detour  of 
600-700  miles  into  Galatia  proper  (see  B.  D.  "  Galatia  "),  as  shown  on 
the  accompanying  map.  This  was  because  there  was  no  other  way 
of  accounting  for  the  existence  of  the  churches  in  Galatia  to  which 
his  epistle  to  the  Galatians  was  addressed.  But  recent  investigations 
have  shown  that  at  that  time  the  province  of  Galatia  included  Antioch 
in  Pisidia,  Iconium,  Lystra,  Derbe,  and  the  adjacent  region,  so  that, 


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in  accordance  with  Paul's  custom  of  designating  any  given  group  of 
churches  by  the  name  of  the  province  in  which  they  were  situated, 
the  churches  in  those  cities  might  properly  be  called  the  churches  in 
Galatia.    These  facts  remove  a  multitude  of  difficulties,  and  have  led 


Map  Showing  Paul's  Route  in  Asia  Minor  on  his  Second  Missionary  Journey. 

nearly  all  recent  writers  to  believe  that  the  Galatian  churches  to  which 
Paul  wrote  were  those  established  by  Paul  and  Barnabas  in  the  above 
named  cities  on  the  first  missionary  journey.  This  being  so,  Paul's 
route  to  Troas  on  the  second  journey  would  have  been  approximately 
that  indicated  on  the  map. 

Note  5.  The  "  We  "  Sections  in  Acts.  In  four  passages,  16: 10-17; 
20: 5-15;  21 : 1-18;  27: 1 — 28: 16,  the  narrative  abruptly  passes  from  the 
third  person  to  the  first.  Almost  without  exception  scholars  have 
inferred  from  this  fact  that  the  writer,  while  modestly  avoiding  the 
mention  of  his  own  name,  yet  wished  to  intimate  that  he  was  a  com- 
panion of  Paul  in  the  events  here  narrated.  A  careful  examination  of 
the  relations  sustained  by  Paul's  companions  to  him  shows  that  Luke 
is  the  only  one  who  fits  into  all  these  situations.  This  confirms  the 
ancient  tradition  that  he  wrote  the  book  of  Acts  as  well  as  its  preceding 
treatise,  the  third  Gospel.  If  this  inference  is  correct  it  shows  that 
Luke  joined  Paul  at  Troas,  and  went  with  him  to  Philippi  where  he 
seems  to  have  remained  until  Paul  came  that  way  again  some  years 
later  on  his  final  journey  to  Jerusalem. 

Note  6.  Lydia.  Acts  16:14.  Thyatira  (modem  Ak-Hissar)  was 
an  important  and  wealthy  city  in  the  central  part  of  the  province  of 
Asia.  It  was  famous  for  its  red  and  purple  cloths,  a  business  still 
carried  on  extensively  in  Ak-Hissar.    The  purple  garments  which 


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Lydia  sold  were  quite  costly,  and  hence  her  business  must  have 
required  considerable  capital.  Her  large  and  commodious  house  also 
indicates  that  she  was  a  woman  of  means.  As  her  husband  is  not 
mentioned  she  was  probably  a  widow.    It  is  possible  that  she  had  been 


Neapolis,  Paul's  Landing-place  in  Europe. 

converted  to  Judaism  in  her  native  city  where  there  was  a  large  colony 
of  Jews.  The  fact  that  she  is  not  mentioned  in  Paul's  letter  to  the 
Philippians  suggests  that  she  had  died  or  removed  to  some  other  place 
in  the  meantime. 


DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 

Dissension  between  Paul  and  Barnabas.    Acts  1 5 : 36-41. 
From  Antioch  in  Syria  to  Troas.    Acts  16:1-8. 
The  Evangelization  of  Europe  Begun.    Acts  16:9-15. 
Timothy's  Ancestry  and  Training.    2  Tim.  i :  i-io. 

Paul's  Counsels  to  Timothy. 

Timothy's  Knowledge  of  the  Scriptures.    2  Tim.  3 : 10-17. 
Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:   Acts  16:6-15. 
Golden  Text:     Come  over  into  Macedonia,  and  help  us."  Acts 
16:9. 


Sunday. 

Monday. 
Tuesday. 
Wednesday. 
Thursday.  ) 
Friday.  ) 
Saturday. 


{2  Tim.  2 : 1-13. 
2  Tim.  2  : 14-26. 


REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  Mention  the  steps  of  progress  by  which  the  Gospel  was  carried 
from  Jerusalem  to  Antioch.  2.  Give  a  brief  outline  of  the  life  of  Paul 
up  to  the  close  of  his  first  missionary  journey.  3.  State  the  occasion 
and  result  of  the  council  at  Jerusalem.  4.  State  the  occasion  and 
result  of  Paul's  difference  with  Peter  at  Antioch.  5.  Hov/  important 
was  the  victory  over  Judaism  which  Paul  achieved?  6.  What  is  the 
title  of  this  lesson?    its  object?    its  Golden  Text? 


04  Outline  Bible  Sttuites 

LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS, 


Sixth 
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Map  for  Tracing  Paul's  Second  Missionary  Journey. 

.  This  lesson  gives  an  outline  view  of  Pavd's  second  missionary  joiimey  as  far 
as  I'hilippi.  The  route  traveled  should  be  traced  on  the  map  and  the  principal  events 
at  each  place  mentioned  should  be  carefully  fixed  in  mind  (see  Note  4). 

Topic  1.  The  Second  Missionary  Journey  Begun.  Acts  15:40 — 16:8. 
^  1.  Whom  did  Paul  choose  for  a  companion  on  his  second  missionary 
journey.?   (Acts  15:40,  comp.  vss.  27,  32.) 


2.  What  work  first. engaged  their  attention?    (Acts  15:41.) 


3.  What  important  incident  occurred  at  Lystra?    (Acts  16:1-3.) 


4.  What  was  Paul's  main  mission  to  the  Galatian  churches  at  this 
time?   (Acts  16:4,  5.) 


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5.  What  led  Paul  and  Silas  to  turn  northward  from  Galatia?  (Acts 
16:6.) 


6.  Describe  their  further  movements  until  they  reached  Troas. 
(Acts  16:7,  8;  Note  4.) 


Topic  2.    The  Gospel  Carried  to  Europe.    Acts  16:9-15. 
7.  What  memorable  experience  came  to  Paul  at  Troas?    (Acts  16:9.) 


8.  What  did  he  conclude  from  this  vision?    (Acts  16: 10.) 


9.  Describe  Paul's  route  from  Troas  to  Philippi.  (Acts  16:11,  12; 
see  B.  D.  Philippi.") 


10.  How  did  Paul  begin  his  missionary  work  in  Philippi?  (Acts 
16:13.) 


11.  What  was  the  immediate  result  of  his  preaching?    (Acts  16: 14.) 


12.  How  did  Lydia  show  her  grateful  appreciation  of  what  Paul 
had  done  for  her?    (Acts  16:15.) 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

13.  To  what  special  guidance  does  Paul  repeatedly  attribute  his 
route  during  this  journey  (Acts  16: 6-10)  ?  Mention  some  ways  in 
which  this  guidance  may  have  been  manifested.  How  was  the  pur- 
pose of  this  guidance  finally  made  clear? 

14.  How  are  men  led  by  the  Spirit  now?  What  is  true  of  those  who 
are  thus  led  (Rom.  8: 14)?  What  kind  of  life  results  from  such  lead- 
ing? Why  is  such  leading  so  little  manifested?  What  possibilities 
does  this  subject  open  before  us? 


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15.  What  was  the  cry  that  came  to  Paul  at  Troas?  In  what  sense 
does  it  represent  the  cry  of  the  heathen  world  to-day?  To  whom  is 
this  cry  directed?  Why  should  it  receive  a  prompt  and  generous 
response?    What  can  we  do  regarding  it? 

16.  What  was  the  great  commission  under  which  Paul  went  on  his 
missionary  journeys?    (Memorize  answer.) 

"  Go  ye  therefore,  and  make  disciples  of  all  the  nations,  baptizing  them  into  the  name 
of  the  Father  and  of  the  Son  and  of  the  Holy  Spirit:  teaching  them  to  observe  all  things 
whatsoever  I  commanded  you :  and  lo,  I  am  with  you  always,  even  imto  the  end  of  the 
world."    (Mt.  28:19,  20.) 

17.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  narrative  of  the  beginning  of 
Paul's  second  missionary  journey. 


Lesson  20.    PAUL  AND  THE  PHILIPPIAN  JAILER.  Chris- 
tian Work  in  Prison.    Acts  16:16-40.     About  a.  d.  51. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  show  the  spirit  in  which  Paul 
and  Silas  met  the  persecution  that  befell  them  at  Philippi,  and  the 
results  of  their  imprisonment. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  The  conversion  of  Lydia  was 
the  beginning  of  a  remarkably  successful  missionary  work  in  Philippi. 
It  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  a  large  Gentile  church  which  in 
subsequent  years  gave  Paul  more  comfort  and  less  anxiety  than  any 
other  planted  by  him.    This  prosperous  work,  however,  came  to  a 


The  Site  of  Philippi. 

sudden  end.  Paul  wrought  a  miracle  which  interfered  with  the 
pecuniary  gains  of  certain  men,  who  in  revenge  caused  him  and  Silas 
to  be  arrested,  scourged,  and  imprisoned.  The  prayers  and  hymns  of 
praise  of  these  two  suffering  prisoners  were  answered  by  a  divine 


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interposition  which  quickly  led  to  the  conversion  of  their  jailer  and 
his  entire  household.  The  following  morning  the  magistrates  with 
humble  apologies  released  Paul  and  Silas,  who  soon  afterwards  departed 
to  new  fields. 

Note  3.  The  Demoniac  Slave  Girl.  Acts  16: 16-18.  The  phrase 
"  a  spirit  of  divination,"  literally  translated,  as  in  the  margin,  is  "  a 
spirit,  a  Python.  "  The  python  was  the  serpent  which  according  to  an 
ancient  legend  Apollo  slew  at  Delphi,  and  which  was  afterwards 
worshiped  as  the  symbol  of  wisdom.  The  spirit  of  the  python  was 
thought"  to  have  taken  up  his  abode  in  the  priestesses  of  Apollo,  and  to 
this  they  were  supposed  to  owe  their  soothsaying  or  divining  power. 
They  were  adepts  in  ventriloquism,  and  the  voice  that  issued  from 
them  was  supposed  to  be  that  of  the  python.  The  statement  that  the 
slave-girl  who  followed  Paul  and  Silas  had  a  python  spirit  records  the 
popular  pagan  opinion  respecting  her,  but  does  not  affirm  its  truth. 
Her  ravings  were  interpreted  as  a  foretelling  of  future  events,  and  thus 
became  a  source  of  great  gain  to  her  owners.  It  was  the  loss  of  this 
income,  and  not  any  special  hostility  to  Christianity,  that  occasioned 
the  persecution  against  Paul  and  Silas.  The  same  motive  operated 
on  a  much  larger  scale  a  few  years  later  in  the  case  of  the  Ephesian 
silversmiths  (Acts  19 :  23-41). 

Note  4.  The  Christians  Confounded  with  the  Jews.  Acts  16:20. 
It  was  the  misfortune  of  the  Christians  during  the  early  progress  of 
Christianity  to  be  placed  in  a  peculiarly  trying  position.  On  the  one 
hand  they  were  persecuted  by  the  Jews  with  relentless  bitterness.  On 
the  other  hand,  whenever  the  hostility  of  the  heathen  mobs  was  aroused 
against  them,  they  were  at  once  identified  with  the  Jews,  who  were 
universally  execrated  for  their  pride  and  exclusiveness.  At  this 
particular  time  the  Jews  were  in  still  worse  odor  from  the  fact  that 
the  emperor  Claudius  had  just  banished  them  from  Rome  as  disturbers 
of  the  peace.  News  of  this  edict  had  no  doubt  reached  Philippi,  and 
naturally  tended  still  more  to  inflame  the  mob  against  Paul  and  Silas. 

Note  5.  The  Release  of  Paul  and  Silas.  Acts  16: 35-39.  When 
the  Philippian  magistrates  ordered  Paul  and  Silas  to  be  scourged  and 
imprisoned  without  trial  they  trampled  on  Roman  law  and  order  even 
if  the  men  had  been  only  despised  Jews.  That  they  quickly  perceived 
this  is  shown  by  their  eagerness  to  release  them  the  next  morning. 
But  when  informed  that  the  prisoners  were  Roman  citizens,  an 
honor  of  which  even  the  mob  had  boasted  (vs.  21),  the  magistrates 
were  thrown  into  consternation.  The  Roman  law  explicitly  exempted 
Romans  from  all  degrading  punishments.    The  most  serious  charg© 


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brought  by  Cicero  against  Verres  was  that,  as  governor  of  Sicily,  he  had 

caused  Roman  citizens  to  be  scourged.  Moreover,  to  punish  any 
Roman  unjustly  made  the  magistrate  liable  to  indictment  for  treason, 
and  to  suffer  death  and  confiscation  of  property.  The  town  officials 
at  Philippi  saw  that  their  hasty  action  had  placed  them  in  a  plight 

from  which  they  were  ready  to 
extricate  themselves  by  the 
most  abject  apologies  and  by 
pledges  for  the  future.  When 
Paul  insisted  on  a  public  apol- 
ogy as  the  least  possible  repara- 
tion he  was  probably  actuated 
not  so  much  by  a  desire  for 
personal  satisfaction  as  by  a 
purpose  to  protect  the  con- 
verts in  Philippi  from  similar 
outrages  in  the  future.  For 
so  long  as  Paul  and  Silas  held 
over  the  magistrates  the  possibility  of  an  indictment  for  treason,  they 
would  be  cautious  about  troubling  the  Christians. 

To  the  natural  question  why  Paul  on  this  occasion  did  not  claim 
the  protection  of  his  Roman  citizenship  as  he  subsequently  did  at 
Jerusalem  (Acts  22: 25)  no  answer  can  be  given  beyond  the  conjecture 
that  the  fury  of  the  mob  may  have  made  any  attempt  of  that  kind 
futile.  "But  whatever  were  the  true  reasons  which  induced  the 
apostle  to  be  silent,  the  overruling  hand  of  Providence  was  herein 
plainly  visible;  for  the  conversion  of  the  jailer  and  his  household  was 
occasioned  by  the  execution  of  this  hasty  and  unjust  sentence.** 


Ruins  in  Market-place,  Philippi. 

The  place  where  Paul  and  Silas  were  scourged. 


DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 
Paul  and  Silas  Imprisoned.    Acts  i6: 16-24. 
The  Philippian  Jailer  Converted.    Acts  16:25-34. 
Paul  and  Silas  Released.    Acts  16:35-40. 
Philippians  Exhorted  to  be  of  Lowly  Mind.    Phil.  2:1-11. 
Exhorted  to  Zeal  and  Blamelessness.    Phil.  2:12-18. 
Timothy  and  Epaphroditus  Commended.    Phil.  2:19-30. 
All  Things  Loss  for  Christ.    Phil.  3:1-12. 
be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:  Acts  16:22-34. 
**  Believe  on  the  Lord  Jesus,  and  thou  shalt  be  saved.*' 


Sunday. 
Monday. 
Tuesday. 
Wednesday. 
Thursday. 
Friday. 
Saturday. 
Scripture,  to 
Golden  Text: 
Acts  16:31. 

REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  Why  did  Paul  and  Barnabas  separate  before  the  second  mission- 
ary journey?    2.  Who  accompanied  Paid?    3.  What  route  did  they 


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take  and  what  churches  revisit?  4.  Who  joined  them  at  Lystra?  5. 
State  Paul's  route  from  Antioch  of  Pisidia  to  Troas,  with  the  reasons 
for  it.  6.  Who  apparently  joined  him  in  Troas?  7.  Why  did  the 
party  cross  over  to  Macedonia?  8.  Who  was  the  first  convert  in 
Europe?  9.  What  is  the  title  of  this  lesson?  its  object?  its  Golden 
Text? 

LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 
Topic  1.    Paul  and  Silas  Imprisoned.    Acts  16: 16-24. 
1.  Relate  the  story  of  the  slave  girl  in  Philippi  whom  Paul  healed. 
(Acts  16:16-18;  Note  3.) 


2.  How  did  the  owners  of  the  girl 
avenge  themselves?  (Acts  16:1 9- 
21;  Note  4.) 


3.  How  were  they  aided  in  their 
assault  ?    (Acts  1 6 : 22a.) 


4.  How  did  the  magistrates  treat 
Paul  and  Silas ?    (Acts  16 : 226, 23.) 


5.  What  did  the  jailer  do  in  view  of 


the  charge  given  him  ?    (Acts  1 6 : 24. )  Men  with  Feet  in  Stocks. 


Topic  2.  The  Jailer  and  his  Household  Converted.    Acts  16:25-40. 

6.  State  briefly  the  events  that  immediately  preceded  the  jailer's 
conversion.    (Acts  1 6 : 25-28.) 


7.  How  was  he  affected  by  these  events?    (Acts  16 : 29,  30.) 


8.  How  did  Paul  answer  his  agitated  question?    (Acts  16:31.) 


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9.  What  great  good  came  out  of  these  events?    (Acts  16: 32-34.) 


10.  How  did  the  magistrates  the  next  morning  confess  that  they  had 
done  wrong?    (Acts  16:35,  36;  Note  5.) 


11.  What  stand  did  Paul  and  Silas  take  in  reply,  and  why?  (Acts 
16:37.) 


12.  How  did  the  magistrates  finally  humble  themselves  befonj  these 
two  missionaries?    (Acts  16 : 38,  39.) 


13.  What  did  Paul  and  Silas  do  when  they  left  the  prison?  (Acts 
16:40.^ 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

14.  What  was  the  real  reason  for  th-e  opposition  to  Paul  in  Philippi 
(Acts  16: 19a;  Note  3)?  How  long  are  men  engaged  in  any  wicked 
business  content  to  let  Christians  alone?  When  do  they  raise  a  cry 
against  them  ? 

15.  What  evidences  of  conversion  were  given  in  the  case  of  Lydia? 
What,  in  the  case  of  the  jailer?  In  what  respects  were  these  conver- 
sions alike  ?  In  what  respects  were  they  different  ?  Why  may  we  not 
expect  all  conversions  to  be  alike  in  form? 

16.  What  was  it  for  the  jailer  to  "  believe  on  the  Lord  Jesus  "? 
What  change  would  such  belief  probably  make  in  his  life?  What  is  it 
for  us  to  believe  in  Christ  ?  What  change  does  such  belief  make  in  our 
lives?    What  are  the  essential  elements  in  every  true  conversion? 

^7.  How  is  Paul  presented  to  us  in  this  lesson?  What  new  light  do 
these  events  throw  on  his  character?  What  is  most  to  be  admired  in 
his  conduct  at  this  time  ? 

18.  When  may  great  sufferings  become  an  occasion  for  joy?  (Mem- 
orize answer.) 

"  Blessed  are  ye  when  men  shall  reproach  you,  and  persecute  you,  and  say  all  manner 
of  evil  against  you  falsely,  for  my  sake.  Rejoice,  and  be  exceeding  glad:  for  great  is 
your  reward  in  heaven:  for  so  persecuted  they  the  prophets  that  were  before  you." 
(Mt.  5:11,  12.) 

19.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  account  of  Paul's  experiences  as 
related  in  this  lesson 


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Lesson  21.    PAUL  IN  THESSALONICA  AND  BERCEA. 
Great  Success  and  Bitter  Opposition.    Acts  17: 1-15; 
1  Thes.  2  : 1-12.    About  a.  d.  52. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  show  how  Paul  met  some  of  the 
difficulties  that  beset  him  in  his  missionary  work,  especially  as  seen  in 
his  experiences  at  Thessalonica  and  Boroea. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  On  leaving  Philippi,  Paul  and 
his  companions  went  to  Thessalonica.  Here  his  work  was  at  first  very 
successful,  but  was  brought  to  a  sudden  end  through  the  jealousy  of  the 
unconverted  Jews,  who  stirred  up  a  tumult  against  the  missionaries 
and  compelled  them  to  flee  for  their  lives  to  Beroea.  Here  Paul  and 
his  companions  were  received  by  the  Jews  with  great  cordiality.  But 
soon  their  work  was  broken  up  by  Jews  from  Thessalonica,  who  stirred 
up  such  a  tumult  that  Paul  was  again  compelled  to  flee  for  safety. 
These  two  experiences  of  temporary  success  brought  to  an  end  through 
jealousy  and  violence  are  typical  of  many  that  Paul  endured,  and  by 
which,  perhaps,  he  was  driven  to  preach  the  Gospel  much  more  widely 
than  he  would  otherwise  have  done. 


Note  3.  PauPs  Journey  from  Philippi  to  Thessalonica,  Acts  17:1. 
Paul's  experiences  in  Philippi,  so  far  from  discouraging  him,  led  him 


Roman  Triumphal  Arch  in  Thessalonica. 


with  characteristic  boldness  to  transfer  his  work  to  the  largest  city  in 
Macedonia.  Thessalonica  was  the  political  and  commercial  metropolis 
of  the  province.  It  lay  about  one  hundred  miles  southwest  from 
Philippi,  with  which  it  was  connected  by  means  of  the  famous  Roman 
military  road  known  as  the  Egnatian  Way.  The  road  passed  through 
the  cities  of  Amphipolis  and  Apollonia.  The  former  was  thirty- three 
miles  from  Philippi,  and  thirty  from  Apollonia,  while  the  latter  was 


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thirty-seven  miles  from  Thessalonica.  It  is  probable  therefore  that 
they  mark  stages  in  the  journey.  Whether  Paul  found  in  these  cities 
no  opening  for  Christian  work,  or  deliberc  .ely  pushed  on  to  the  more 
important  field,  is  not  stated. 

Note  4.  The  Riot  in  Thessalonica.  Acts  17:5-9.  Paul's  work  in 
Thessalonica  met  at  first  a  gratifying  success.  Some  of  the  Jews  were 
converted,  but  of  the  Gentiles  so  many  were  gathered  in  that  Paul  in 
writing  to  the  church  a  few  months  later  could  address  them  as  com- 
posed largely  if  not  wholly  of  converts  from  idolatry  (1  Thes.  1:9;  2: 
14).  These  converts  came  almost  entirely  from  the  intelligent  upper 
classes.  The  ignorant  and  superstitious  masses  remained  fanatically 
attached  to  their  heathen  beliefs. 

When  this  rapid  spread  of  the  Gospel  aroused,  as  usual,  the  hos- 
tility of  the  Jews,  an  alliance  was  easily  formed  between  them  and  the 
dregs  of  the  people.  By  skilfully  misrepresenting  the  missionaries  as 
traitors  to  the  emperor,  the  Jews  excited  the  rabble  against  them. 
The  feeling  became  so  violent  that  the  only  safe  course  seemed  to  be  to 
conceal  Paul  and  Silas  until  the  excitement  had  subsided.  When,  in 
their  place,  certain  brethren  were  dragged  before  the  magistrates,  it 
was  quickly  seen  that  the  matter  was  not  so  serious  as  had  been  repre- 
sented. But  the  charge  of  treason  could  not  be  ignored.  The  least 
that  could  be  done  was  to  put  the  brethren  under  bonds  to  keep  the 
peace,  apparently  by  keeping  Paul,  the  cause  of  the  disturbance,  out 
of  the  city.  The  only  thing  to  do,  therefore,  was  to  send  him  away  at 
once.  Greatly  as  he  sought  to  return,  this  "  security  "  seems  to  have 
been  the  insurmountable  obstacle  to  which  he  refers  as  a  hindrance  of 
Satan  preventing  his  return  (1  Thes.  2: 17,  18). 

DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 
Sunday.         Paul's  Ministry  in  Thessalonica.    Acts  17 : 1-9. 
Monday         Paul's  Thanksgiving  for  the  Thessalonians.    i  Thes.  2:1-12. 
Tuesday         Paul's  Work  in  Beroea.    Acts  17 : 10-15. 
Wednesday.    Persecution  Foretold  by  Christ.    Mt.  10:16-23. 
Thursday.       Cost  and  Rewards  in  Serving  Christ.    Mt.  10:24-33. 
Friday.  Finding  One's  Life  and  Losing  it.    Mt.  10:34-42. 

Saturday.       Confidence  in  God's  Protection.    Ps.  61. 
Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:  Acts  17: 1-12. 
Golden  Text:  "  When  they  persecute  you  in  this  city,  flee  into  the 
next."    Mt.  10:23. 

REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  was  Paul  led  to  go  into  Europe?  2.  What  success  did  he 
have  in  Philippi?  3.  Why  were  he  and  Silas  arrested?  4.  How  were 
they  treated  by  the  magistrates?    5.  What  occurred  about  midnight? 


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6.  What  was  the  effect  on  the  jailer?  7.  What  followed  the  next 
morning?  8.  What  is  the  title  of  this  lesson?  its  object?  its  Golden 
Text? 

LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 

Note  5.  In  studying  this  lesson  continue  the  journey  line  on  the  map  in  Lesson  19 
from  Philippi  to  Beroea. 

Topic  1.    Paul  in  Thessalonica.  Acts  17: 1-9;  1  Thes.  2: 1-12. 
1.  How  does  Luke  describe  the  beginning  of  I^aul's  work  in  Thessa- 
lonica?   (Acts  17: 1,  2;  Note  3.) 


2.  How  does  Paul  himself  describe  it?    (1  Thes.  2:1,2.) 


3.  What  was  the  substance 
of  his  preaching  there  as  re- 
ported by  Luke  ?    (Acts  17:3.) 


4.  What  did  Paul  himself 
say  of  it?    (1  Thes.  2:3,4.) 


5.  What  were  his  feelings 


toward  the  Thessalonians  ?    ( 1  Ancient  Church  in  Thessalonica. 

1  neS.  2:7,  8.)  The  traditional  place  where  Paul  preached. 


6.  How  did  he  and  his  companions  prove  their  disinterestedness  in 
preaching  the  Gospel?    (1  Thes.  2: 5,  6,  9.) 


7.  How  did  he  show  his  deep  solicitude  for  their  spiritual  welfare? 
(1  Thes.  2:10-12.) 


8.  How  was  this  fruitful  ministry  among  the  Thessalonians  inter- 
rupted?   (Acts  17:5-7;  Note  4.) 


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9.  What  action  was  taken  by  the  city  officials?    (Acts  17:8,  9.) 


Topic  2.    Paul  in  Beroea.    Acts  17: 10-15. 
10.  What  was  done  to  Paul  in  consequence  of  this  uproar  in  Thessa- 
lonica?    (Acts  17: 10.) 


11.  How  was  he  received  in  Beroea?    (Acts  17: 11,  12.) 


12.  How  was  his  work  there  checked?    (Acts  17: 13-15.) 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

13.  How  did  Luke  describe  Paul's  public  work  in  Thessalonica 
(Acts  17:2,  3)  ?  What  did  Paul  say  of  his  work  with  men  and  women 
individually  (1  Thes.  2:7,  11,  12)  ?  Which  of  these  two  classes  of  work 
was  probably  the  most  effective  ?  How  can  Christians  generally  make 
their  good  influence  most  widely  felt? 

14.  What  charge  did  the  Jews  bring  against  Paul  and  his  com- 
panions in  Thessalonica  (Acts  17:6)?  What  did  they  mean  by  turning 
the  world  "  upside  down  "?  What  was  Paul  really  trying  to  do? 
How  did  Christ  describe  His  mission  in  the  world  (Mt.  10:34)?  Why 
is  Christian  truth  revolutionary  in  its  effect  on  society  ? 

15.  In  what  respects  were  Paul's  experiences  in  Thessalonica  and 
Beroea  typical  of  much  of  his  missionary  life?  What  effect  did  these 
trials  have  on  his  work  ?  What  spirit  did  he  show  in  the  midst  of  these 
difficulties? 

16.  What  example,  worthy  of  imitation  at  all  times,  was  set  by  the 
Jews  in  Beroea?    (Memorize  answer.) 

"  These  were  more  noble  than  those  in  Thessalonica,  in  that  they  received  the  word 
with  all  readiness  of  mind,  examining  the  scriptures  daily,  whether  these  things  were  so." 
(Acts  17:11.) 

17.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  summary  of  Paul's  travels  and  work  as 
covered  by  this  lesson. 


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Lesson  22.    PAUL  IN  ATHENS.    His  Address  on  Mars  Hill. 

Acts  17:16-34.    About  a.  d.  52. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  consider  Paul's  brief  ministry 
in  Athens,  and  to  note  the  remarkable  skill  with  which  he  presented 
to  the  philosophers  of  that  city  certain  great  truths  concerning  God 
and  man. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  Paul  did  not  regard  his  min- 
istry in  Macedonia  as  finished  when  he  fled  from  Beroea.  He  was  par- 
ticularly anxious  to  complete  his  work  in  Thessalonica.  But  that 
city  was  effectually  closed  to  him  by  the  bonds  exacted  from  his 
friends  to  keep  him  away  (see  Note  4,  Lesson  21).  Until  this  obstruc- 
tion was  removed  he  determined  to  go  southward  and  seek  new  fields 
in  Achaia.  On  reaching  Athens  he  sent  to  Beroea  for  Silas  and  Tim- 
othy. While  awaiting  their  arrival  he  was  moved  with  pity  and  indig- 
nation as  he  beheld  on  every  hand  magnificent  creations  of  art  given 
over  to  the  service  of  idolatry.    The  discourses  on  religion  that  he 


From  a  photogrspb. 

Mars  Hill,  Athens. 

On  one  side  of  this  hill  are  steps  hewn  in  the  solid  rock,  leading  to  a  large  quadrangular  excavation 
in  the  rock,  with  rock-hewn  seats,  which  mark  the  meeting-place  of  the  "  Court  of  the  Areopagus,"  the 
highest  court  of  the  Greeks.  These  steps  were  doubtless  climbed  by  Paul  when  he  addressed  the 
Athenian  philosophers. 

began  in  the  Agora  attracted  such  attention  that  certain  of  the  phil- 
osophers called  on  him  to  explain  his  views  more  fully  on  the  Are- 
opagus. They  heard  him  with  courteous  attention  until  he  affirmed 
the  resurrection  of  the  dead.  This  seemed  so  contrary  to  reason  that 
most  of  them  would  listen  no  longer.  A  few,  however,  were  won  to 
the  truth.  Before  Paul  left  Athens  Timothy  arrived  and  was  at  once 
sent  to  strengthen  the  church  in  Thessalonica  which  was  suffering 
persecution.  Silas  apparently  was  unable  to  leave  Beroea  until  Tim- 
othy returned  from  Thessalonica. 


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Note  3.  Athens.  This  was  the  most  renowned  city  of  Greece,  and 
the  center  of  Grecian  learning  and  civiHzation  during  the  golden 
period  of  the  nation's  history.  In  Paul's  day  it  was  still  a  beautiful 
monument  to  its  past  history,  being  filled  with  temples,  altars  and 
sacred  buildings  in  the  highest  perfection  of  Greek  art.  Schools  of 
philosophy  still  flourished  and  attracted  large  numbers.  It  was  a 
"  free  city,"  that  is,  governed  by  its  own  magistrates  and  exempt 
from  occupation  by  a  Roman  garrison. 

The  original  city  was  built  on  the  Acropolis,  and  was  reached  by  a 
road  on  the  western  side.  At  the  foot  of  this  road  the  country  people 
assembled  to  sell  provisions.    When  the  population  overflowed  from 


The  Acropolis,  Athens. 


the  Acropolis  the  first  streets  were  laid  out  around  this  market-place 
or  Agora,  and  the  city  extended  from  it  in  all  directions.  The  Agora 
was  afterward  surrounded  by  splendid  colonnades  or  porches  where 
were  the  schools  of  the  philosophers  and  the  common  meeting-places 
of  the  people,  and  thus  it  became  not  only  the  business  center  of  the 
city  but  the  heart  of  its  political  and  intellectual  life.  Naturally 
Paul  began  his  religious  discussions  there. 

Note  4.  Epicurean  and  Stoic  Philosophers.  Acts  17:18.  Athens 
was  at  this  time,  as  she  had  been  for  centuries,  the  chief  seat  of  Greek 
philosophy.  Two  schools,  widely  different  in  principles  and  con- 
clusions, attracted  the  largest  number  of  followers.  These  were  the 
Epicureans  and  the  Stoics.  The  former  were  disciples  of  Epicurus, 
a  Greek  philosopher,  who  lived  frpm  342  to  270  b.  c.  He  taught  that 
true  pleasure,  tested  by  experience  rather  than  reason,  was  the  end 
to  be  aimed  at  in  life,  and  that  the  ultimate  pleasure  was  freedom 
from  disturbance.  He  believed  in  natural  causes  for  all  phenomena, 
and  rejected  the  idea  of  any  supernatural  interference  in  nature. 
Epicurism  prepared  the  way  for  Christianity  by  weakening  the  hold 


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of  polytheism.  In  Paul's  time,  however,  its  philosophy  of  pleasure 
had  led  many  of  its  disciples  into  the  grossest  sensuality. 

The  school  of  the  Stoics  was  founded  by  Zeno  toward  the  close  of 
the  4th  century  b.  c.  It  derived  its  name  from  the  Stoa  Poikila,  or 
Painted  Porch,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Agora,  in  which  he  taught. 
The  Stoics  held  that  God  was  the  soul  of  the  world,  its  ruler  and  up- 
holder. The  soul  was  not  immortal.  Virtue  was  its  own  reward, 
vice  its  own  punishment.  The  wise  man  should  be  indifferent  alike 
to  pleasure  and  to  pain.  The  Stoics  founded  their  morality  on  a 
pride  so  inflated  that  they  regarded  themselves  as  the  equals  of  the 
gods.    They  helped  to  prepare  the  way  for  the  Gospel  by  emphasizing 


The  Parthenon.  Temple  of  Theseus. 

These  two  wonderful  temples,  the  Parthenon  on  the  Acropolis,  and  the  temple  of  Theseus  on  a 
neighboring  hill  to  the  northwest,  were  both  in  their  full  splendor  in  the  time  of  Paul,  and  were  in 
plain  view  from  the  summit  of  Mars  hill,  where  he  spoke. 


the  common  relations  of  all  men  to  God,  and  the  ties  that  unite  manv 
kind. 

Note  5.  Paul's  Address  on  the  Areopagus.  Acts  17:22-31.  This 
discourse,  so  entirely  different  from  any  that  Paul  preached  elsewhere, 
shows  his  remarkable  ability  to  adapt  himself  to  circumstances.  It 
must  be  remembered,  however,  that  Tarsus,  his  native  city,  was  also 
a  famous  center  of  academic  culture,  and  that  to  this  fact  may  be  due 
in  large  measure  his  readiness  in  adapting  himself  to  Greek  modes 
of  thought  so  radically  different  from  those  of  the  Jews. 

After  a  conciliatory  introduction  (vss.  22,  23),  he  shows  that  God 
is  an  omnipotent  and  omnipresent  Spirit  (vs.  24);  that  He  needs  no 
sacrifices  such  as  the  heathen  gods  were  supposed  to  demand,  see- 
ing that  He  is  Himself  the  universal  Giver  (vs.  25) ;  that  He  has  created 
the  human  race  as  a  unit,  and  has  Himself  assigned  to  the  nations 
their  geographical  boundaries  (vs.  26);  that  the  moral  purpose  under- 
lying His  dealings  with  men  is  that  they  shall  recognize  Him  as  God 
(vs.  27);  that  to  Him,  they,  as  His  offspring,  owe  their  very  existence 


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(vs.  28);  and  that  if  such  is  His  nature,  then  it  is  absurd  to  try  to  repre- 
sent Him  by  such  sculptured  forms  as  filled  the  streets  and  temples 
of  Athens  (vs.  29).  This  discourse  on  the  nature  of  God  and  His 
relation  to  the  world  culminates  in  a  demand  for  repentance  based 
on  the  certainty  of  an  impending  judgment  to  be  executed  by  One 
whose  mission  God  has  attested  by  raising  Him  from  the  dead  (vss. 
30,  31). 

DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 
Sunday.         Paul  in  Athens.    Acts  17  : 16-21. 
Monday.         Paul's  Address  to  the  Athenians.    Acts  17:22-34. 
Tuesday.        The  Impotency  of  Idols.    Is.  45:18-25. 
Wednesday.    No  God  like  Jehovah.    Is.  46 13-13.  • 
Thursday.  ^  f  Ps.  139 :  i-io. 

Friday.  -  God's  Omnipotence  and  Omnipresence.  -!  Ps.  139:11-18. 
Saturday.    J  [  Ps.  139 : 19-24. 

Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:  Acts  17:22-34. 
Golden  Text:     He  is  not  far  from  each  one  of  us."    Acts  17:27. 


REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  was  Paul  led  to  cross  over  into  Europe?  2.  What  success 
did  he  have  in  Philippi?  3.  What  was  the  effect  of  his  preaching  in 
Thessalonica ?  4.  How  was  his  ministry  there  interrupted?  5. 
Relate  his  experiences  in  Beroea.  6.  How  did  he  reach  Athens?  7. 
What  is  the  title  of  this  lesson?    its  object?    its  Golden  Text? 


LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN- ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 

Note  6.  Continue  the  tracing  of  Paul's  journey  on  the  map  in  Lesson  19  from  Beroea 
to  Athens,  remembering  that  after  reaching  the  .^gean  coast'  near  Beroea  the  remain- 
der of  the  journey  was  probably  made  by  water. 

Topic  1.  Paul  Attracting  Attention  in  Athens.  Acts  17: 16-21. 

1.  How  was  Paul  affected 
by  what  he  saw  in  Athens? 
(Acts  17:16.) 


2.  How  did  he  occupy  his 
time  while  waiting  for  Silas 
and  Timothy?  (Acts  17:17, 
comp.  vss.  15,  16.) 


Ruins  of  Temple  of  Jupiter,  Athens. 

The  Acropolis,  with  the  Parthenon  on  its  summit, 
in  the  background. 


3.  How  did  his  reasonings 
affect  the  philosophers  who 
overheard  him?    (Acts  17: 18.) 


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The  Apostolic  Leaders  109 
4.  What  did  they  request  of  him?    (Acts  17: 19,  20.) 


6.  How  did  Liike  characterize  the  people  of  Athens?    (Acts  17: 21.) 


Topic  2.    Paul's  Address  on  the  Areopagus.    Acts  17:22-34. 

6.   In  what  courteous  way  did  Paul 
begin  his  address?    (Acts  17:22.) 


7.  What  did  he  take  as  his  text?  (Acts 
17:23.) 


8.   Opposite   the    following   references   ^  _ 

give  a  brief  analysis  of  Paul's  address,  '  -A  .n,".',i!^;;Tiir. 

(Acts  17: 24-31;  Note  5.)  Altar  to  an  Unknown  God. 

Vs.  24. 


Vs.  25. 
Vs.  26. 
Vs.  27. 
Vs.  28. 
Vs.  29. 


Vss.  30,  31. 


9.  What  great  truths  concerning  God  are  announced  in  this  dis- 
course? What  bearing  did  these  truths  have  on  the  worship  of  idols? 
What  is  affirmed  as  to  the  mutual  relations  of  God  and  man?  What, 
as  to  the  supreme  object  of  the  earthly  life  (vs.  27)?  What,  as  to 
God's  nearness  to  every  man?    What,  as  to  man's  need  of  repentance? 

10.  How  were  Paul's  hearers  affected  by  this  address?  (Acts  17: 
32,  33.) 


110  Outline  Bible  Studies 

11.  What  resulted  from  his  work  in  Athens?    (Acts  17:34.) 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

12.  How  did  Paul  in  his  address  meet  the  practical  atheism  of  the 
Epicureans  (Acts  17:24,  see  Expl.  Notes  in  App.)?  How  did  this 
truth  meet  the  virtual  pantheism  of  the  Stoics?  How  did  it  meet 
the  polytheism  of  the  common  people?  What  other  truths  concern- 
ing God  were  implied  in  this  brief  statement? 

13.  How  did  Paul  say  that  the  true  God  cannot  be  served  or  wor- 
shiped (Acts  17:25)?  How  did  the  idol-worshipers  try  to  serve  God? 
What  is  the  service  that  is  acceptable  to  Him?  How  can  we  render 
such  service  ? 

14.  What  did  Paul  say  about  the  unity  of  the  human  race  (Acts 
17:26)?  How  would  this  doctrine  of  human  brotherhood  be  regarded 
by  the  Greeks?  How  is  it  regarded  by  many  now?  What  duties 
rest  on  all  men  because  of  their  race-relationship? 

15.  How  did  Paul  describe  man's  absolute  dependence  on  God? 
(Memorize  answer.) 

"In  him  we  live,  and  move,  and  have  our  being."    (Acts  17:28.) 

16.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  summary  of  Paul's  work  in  Athens 
and  a  brief  analysis  of  his  address. 


Lesson  23.   PAUL  IN  CORINTH.    The  Second  Missionary 
Journey  Ended.    Acts  18  : 1-22;  1  Cor.  2  : 1—3  :  2. 
About  A.  D.  52-54. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  show  how  Paul,  amidst  great 
discouragements,  founded  in  Corinth  one  of  the  most  notable  of  the 
New  Testament  churches. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  Paul  quickly  realized  that 
Athens  presented  no  open  door  to  the  Gospel.  He  therefore  pushed  on 
alone  to  Corinth,  some  forty-five  miles  away.  Here  as  usual  he  first 
sought  to  gain  a  foothold  by  preaching  to  the  Jews.  His  work  among 
them  was  almost  fruitless,  but  afterward  he  labored  for  a  year  and  a 
half  among  the  Gentiles  with  great  success.  On  closing  his  ministry  in 
Corinth,  Paul  returned  to  Antioch  in  Syria  by  way  of  Ephesus,  Caesarea 
and  Jerusalem.  This  closed  the  second  missionary  journey,  which 
occupied  about  four  years,  a.  d.  51-54. 

Note  3.  Corinth.  Acts  18:1.  Corinth  was  one  of  the  most 
famous  cities  of  ancient  Greece.    It  was  situated  on  the  isthmus  which 


^Lesson  The  Apostolic  Leodets  111 

Twenty-tkret  * 


connects  northern  Greece  with  the  Peloponnesus.  Consequently  it 
commanded  the  commerce  both  of  the  East  and  of  the  West.  In  b.  c. 
146  it  was  destroyed  by  the  Romans,  but  was  rebuilt  a  century  later 


Bay  of  Cenchreae,  the  Eastern  Port  of  Corinth. 
The  place  from  which  Fatil  set  sail  on  his  return  from  his  second  missionary  journey. 


by  Julius  Caesar,  who  made  it  a  Roman  colony  and  peopled  it 
with  veterans  and  freedmen,  many  of  the  latter  being  Jews.  A  city  so 
favorably  situated  grew  with  incredible  rapidity.  The  mixed  popula- 
tion which  it  attracted  gave  it  a  character  very  different  from  that  of 
Athens.  When  Paul  arrived  there,  the  Greek  element  largely  pre- 
dominated.   Literature  and  the  arts  flourished,  and  rhetoric  and 


The  Acro-Corinthus,  at  Corinth. 

■  The  temple  of  Venus,  the  chief  deity  of  Corinth,  was  on  the  summit  of  this  hill. 


philosophy  were  eagerly  studied.  With  the  wealth  and  luxury  that 
poured  in  upon  the  city  from  all  adjacent  lands  came  a  frightful  licen- 
tiousness that  made  the  name  of  Corinth  a  by-word  throughout  the 
Roman  world.  If  the  Gospel  could  establish  itself  in  this  hot-bed  of 
worldhness  and  vice,  then  its  power  to  conquer  the  world  was  assured. 


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Note  4.  Paul's  Despondency.  Acts  18:9,  10.  The  beginning  of 
Paul's  ministry  in  Corinth  was  marked  by  an  unusual  mental  depres- 
sion. The  reasons  are  not  far  to  seek.  He  had  been  forced  to  flee 
from  almost  every  city  where  he  had  preached.  In  Thessalonica  he 
had  been  compelled  to  leave  a  little  band  of  newly  won  converts  as 
sheep  among  wolves.  In  Athens  his  arguments  had  been  treated  with 
polite  mockery.  In  Corinth  the  rejection  of  his  message  by  the  Jews 
and  the  appalling  worldliness  of  the  Gentiles  made  him  feel  his  weak- 
ness as  he  had  never  felt  it  before.  It  is  possible  also  that  he  now 
learned  that  the  Judaizers  had  invaded  the  Galatian  churches  and 
were  turning  them  away  from  the  Gospel  that  he  had  preached  (Note 
3,  Lesson  25).  If  Paul  became  despondent  under  this  load  of  anxieties, 
it  was  only  because  he  was  human. 

Two  events  helped  greatly  to  revive  his  spirit.  One  was  a  direct 
assurance  that  God  was  with  him  and  that  in  spite  of  opposition  and 
difficulties  he  would  achieve  a  great  success  in  Corinth.  The  other  was 
the  cheering  news  from  Macedonia  brought  by  Silas  and  Timothy 
(Note  2,  Lesson  22;  Note  3,  Lesson  24). 

Note  5.     Paul  before  Gallio.    Acts  18: 12-17.     In  a.  d.  53  Gallio 

became  proconsul  of  Achaia 
which  included  the  whole  of 
Greece.  He  was  an  older 
brother  of  Seneca,  the  famous, 
Stoic  philosopher.  He  is  de- 
scribed as  "  the  very  flower  o^ 
pagan  courtesy  and  pagan 
culture,  a  Roman  with  all  a 
Roman's  dignity,  and  yet  with 
all  the  grace  and  versatility 
of  a  polished  Greek." 

Paul's  success  naturally 
stirred  up  the  Corinthian  Jews 
to  active  opposition.  They 
brought  him  before  Gallio,  but  instead  of  accusing  him  of  treason 
against  the  emperor  as  the  Jews  in  Thessalonica  had  done  (Acts  17: 7). 
they  merely  charged  him  with  violating  the  law  which  prohibited 
Romans  from  abandoning  their  own  religion.  Gallio  perceived  at 
once  that  they  had  not  made  this  charge  through  any  regard  for  the 
Roman  law  or  religion,  but  because  of  what  seemed  to  be  merely  a 
religious  quarrel  among  the  Jews  themselves.  He  therefore  in- 
dignantly dismissed  the  case.    But  the  matter  did  not  end  there,  for 


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113 


the  mob  immediately  took  advantage  of  the  proconsul's  irritation  to 
vent  its  own  spite  on  the  Jews.  Gallio's  decision  was  of  extreme  im- 
portance to  Paul.  It  was  an  authoritative  declaration  that  his  preach- 
ing was  not  contrary  to  Roman  law,  and  afforded  a  valuable  precedent 
that  might  be  cited  in  later  trials. 

DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 
Sunday.         Founding  of  the  Church  in  Corinth.    Acts  i8:  i-ii. 
xrsday.      I  P*"^'*  Preaching  in  Corinth  Described.     {  \  '^^^  \  \  . 
Wednesday."^  (  i  Cor.  9:1-12. 

Thursday.  !- Paul's  Self-support  in  Corinth,  -j  i  Cor.  9:13-27 
Friday.        J  (2  Cor.  11:1-12. 

Saturday.       Second  Missionary  Journey  Ended.    Acts  18 : 12-22. 
Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:  Acts  18: 1-11. 
Golden  Text:  "  Whatsoever  thy  hand  findeth  to  do,  do  it  with  thy 
might."    Eccl.  9:10. 

REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  In  what  places  in  Europe  did  Paul  preach  before  reaching  Athens? 
2.  How  did  he  regard  the  magnificent  art  of  Athens?  3.  How  did  he 
attract  attention  in  that  city?  4.  What  great  truths  concerning  God 
did  he  declare  in  his  address  on  the  Areopagus?  5.  What,  concerning 
man?  6.  In  what  respect  was  his  address  in  Athens  peculiar?  7. 
Whatisthe  title  of  this  lesson?  its  object?  its  Golden  Text ? 

LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 
Topic  1.    The  Founding  of  the  Church  in  Corinth.    Acts  18: 1-11. 
1.  With  whom  did  Paul  at  first  live  in  Corinth,  and  why?    (Acts  18: 
1-3;  Note  3.) 


2.  How  did  he  begin  his 
work  in  that  city?  (Acts  18  ; 
4,  5.) 


3.  What  course  did  he  after- 
ward adopt,  and  with  what 
results?    (Acts  18 : 6-8.) 


4.  What  things  seem  to  have 
greatly  discouraged  him  at  this 
time?    (Note  4.) 


il4  Outline  Bible  Studies  ^'amde 

5.  How  were  his  discouragements  removed?  (Acts  18: 9-11;  1  Thes. 
3:6-8.) 


6.  How  was  Paul  in  part  provided  for  during  his  stay  in  Corinth? 
(2  Cor.  11:9.) 


Topic  2.  Paul's  Preaching  in  Corinth  Described.   1  Cor.  2: 1—3: 2. 

7.  What  was  the  central  theme  of  Paul's  preaching  in  Corinth? 
(1  Cor.  2:2.) 


8.  What  were  its  leading  characteristics? 
1  Cor.  2:3. 

1  Cor.  2:4. 

1  Cor.  2:12,13. 

ICor.  3:1,2. 

9.  Why  did  he  tlins  preach?    (1  Cor.  2:5.) 


Topic  3.   The  Second  Missionary  Journey  Ended.    Acts  18  : 12-22. 

Note  6.  On  the  map  in  Lesson  19,  continue  the  line  of  Paul's  second  missionary 
journey  to  the  close  of  the  journey  at  Antioch  in  Syria,  as  indicated  below. 

10.  What  conspiracy  was  made  against  Paul  in  Corinth?  (Acts  18: 
12,  13;  Note  5.) 


11.  How  did  the  Lord  fulfil  His  promise  (vs.  10)  to  protect  him? 
(Acts  18:14-17,) 


12.  At  what  places  did  Paul  stop  on  his  way  from  Corinth  to  Antioch 
^  ^yiia  ?    (Acts  18 ;  18-22.) 


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115 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

13.  What  delightful  friendship  was  formed  by  Paul  soon  after  reach- 
ing Corinth  (Acts  18:2)?  How  was  the  strength  of  this  friendship 
afterward  shown  (Acts  18: 18;  Rom.  16:3,  4)?  What  was  the  closest 
tie  between  him  and  these  friends? 

14.  How  did  the  Lord  comfort  Paul  in  Corinth  (Acts  18: 9,  10)  ? 
What  did  Paul  say  of  God's  comforting  grace  (2  Cor.  1:3,4,  memorize)  ? 
How  did  Paul  regard  his  afflictions  (2  Cor.  4:17,  18)?  What  is  the 
design  of  all  afflictions  (Heb.  12: 11)? 

15.  How  did  Gallio  show  his  clear  sense  of  justice  in  the  case  of  Paul 
(Acts  18: 14-16)  ?  Did  he  do  right  or  wrong  in  not  interfering  in  behalf 
of  Sosthenes  (vs.  17)?  What  is  often  the  wisest  way  of  treating 
religious  quarrels?  Why  should  religion  itself  never  be  treated  with 
indifference  or  contempt  ? 

16.  What  results  from  faith  in  Christ  and  Him  crucified,  as  preached 
by  Paul?    (Memorize  answer.) 

"Being  therefore  justified  by  faith,  we  have  peace  with  God  through  our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ;  through  whom  also  we  have  had  our  access  by  faith  into  this  grace  wherein  we 
stand;  and  we  rejoice  in  hope  of  the  glory  of  God."    (Rom.  5:1,  2.) 

17.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  account  of  Paul's  ministry  in 
Corinth,  and  of  the  leading  features  of  his  preaching. 


Lesson  24.  PAUL  AND  THE  THESSALONIANS.  His  Love  for 
them  and  his  Messages  of  Comfort.    Selections  from  1  Thes- 
salonians.   Written  from  Corinth,  about  a.  d.  53. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  show  Paul's  great  love  for  his 
converts,  and  his  desire  to  help  them  in  every  possible  way,  as  seen 
in  his  first  letter  to  the  Thessalonians. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  The  brief  narrative  of  Paul's 
missionary  tours  found  in  the  Acts  indicates  the  general  nature  and 
results  of  his  work,  with  some  allusions  to  the  persecutions  that  he 
suffered,  but  gives  very  little  information  concerning  the  spirit  in 
which  he  worked,  or  about  his  personal  relations  to  his  converts.  It 
is  in  his  epistles  that  his  self-sacrifice  and  devotion,  his  tenderness, 
love  and  sympathy,  are  most  clearly  manifested.  This  is  especially 
true  concerning  his  regard  for  the  Thessalonians.  He  had  gathered 
these  converts  mostly  from  among  the  heathen.  Through  the  per- 
secution that  drove  him  from  the  city  they  were  prematurely  deprived 
of  his  oversight  and  instruction.  He  had  worked  for  them  with  the 
greatest  zeal  as  long  as  he  had  the  opportunity,  and  after  his  depart- 
ure was  sorely  troubled  concerning  them.    He  sought  earnestly  to 


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Grade 

revisit  them,  but  finding  this  impossible  sent  Timothy  from  Athens 
to  strengthen  their  faith  and  encourage  them  in  their  trials.  Timothy- 
rejoined  Paul  in  Corinth  and  reported  that  the  Thessalonians,  in  spite 
of  bitter  persecution,  had  remained  steadfast  in  their  faith.  The 


Thessalonica,  Modern  Salonica. 


letter  which  he  immediately  sent  to  them  shows  his  feelings  at  the 
reception  of  this  joyful  news. 

Note  3.  Paul's  First  Letter  to  the  Thessalonians.  The  beginning 
of  Paul's  ministry  in  Corinth  was  marked  by  a  very  unusual  fit  of 
despondency  (Note  4,  Lesson  23).  Among  the  causes  that  produced 
it  were  his  fear  of  a  failure  in  Corinth  similar  to  that  in  Athens,  and 
his  intense  anxiety  concerning  the  church  in  Thessalonica.  The 
former  was  removed  shortly  after  his  arrival  by  a  revelation  from 
God  promising  him  a  great  harvest  of  souls  in  Corinth;  the  second 
continued  until  the  arrival  of  Timothy  which  was  probably  several 
months  later. 

The  news  which  Timothy  brought  was  in  the  main  highly  encour- 
aging. Notwithstanding  severe  persecutions  the  Thessalonian  con- 
verts had  not  wavered  in  their  faith  (1  Thes.  1:3;  3:6);  they  had  ex- 
emplified in  a  high  degree  the  virtue  of  Christian  charity  (1:3;  3:6; 
4:9,  10);  and  their  affection  for  Paul  and  Silas  remained  unchanged 
(3:6,  7).  But,  on  the  other  hand,  some  of  them  were  tempted  to  fall 
back  into  the  vices  of  a  heathen  community  (4:1-8),  others  were 
losing  faith  in  the  coming  again  of  Christ  (5:1-11),  and  still  others 
were  fearful  that  their  friends  who  had  died  might  not  share  in  the 
glory  of  Christ's  return  (4: 13-18).  These  things  moved  Paul  to  write 
the  letter  now  known  as  First  Thessalonians.  In  it  he  expressed  his 
fatherly  love  for  them  personally,  his  joy  at  their  noble  Christian 
living,  and  his  sympathy  with  them  in  their  sorrows.    At  the  same 


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117 


time  he  warned  them  against  yielding  to  temptation,  and  gave  them 
further  instructions  respecting  the  coming  again  of  Christ.  This 
letter  reveals  the  inmost  heart  of  Paul,  and  puts  him  before  us,  not 
merely  as  the  fearless  traveler  and  devoted  missionary,  but  as  the 
warm-hearted  and  loving  friend. 

Note  4.  Paul's  Second  Letter  to  the  Thessalonians.  This  also  was 
written  from  Corinth  some  months  after  the  first  letter.  It  was  de- 
signed partly  to  correct  some  misapprehensions  that  had  arisen  in 
connection  with  Paul's  first  letter,  and  partly  to  disavow  a  certain 
forged  letter  which' represented  Paul  as  teaching  that  **  the  day  of  the 
Lord  is  just  at  hand  "  (2  Thes.  2:2).  In  consequence  of  this  mistake 
many  of  the  converts  had  abandoned  their  usual  vocations  and  had 
given  themselves  up  to  idle  waiting,  and  to  living  on  the  charity  of 
others.  Paul  corrected  this  error  by  showing  that  certain  events 
must  precede  the  Messiah's  return,  and  that  in  the  meantime  it  was 
the  duty  of  all  to  continue  steadfastly  in  their  customary  work  and 
not  to  make  themselves  a  burden  to  others. 

Note  5.  The  Coming  Again  of  Christ.  1  Thes.  4:13 — 5:11. 
Christ's  immediate  followers,  even  the  Twelve  who  stood  nearest  tc 
Him,  were  never  fully  emancipated  from  their  Jewish  ideas  of  the  Mes- 
siah's mission.  They  fully  expected  that  He  would  deliver  their 
nation  from  the  hated  Roman  dominion  and  establish  a  great  world- 
empire.  When  His  ministry  ended  on  the  cross  these  hopes  were 
crushed  (Lu.  24:21),  but  they  revived  with  His  resurrection  (Acts 
t:6).  After  the  ascension  His  followers  concluded  that  His  mission 
in  this  respect  had  been  unfulfilled  because  of  the  wickedness  of  the 
Jewish  nation,  and  that  His  return  in  glory  to  complete  His  work 
depended  on  their  repentance  (Acts  3 : 19-21).  Paul  entertained 
substantially  the  same  views.  These  appear  most  fully  in  the  Thes- 
salonian  epistles,  which,  more  than  any  other  of  his  writings,  reflect 
his  missionary  preaching. 

At  Thessalonica  this  topic  seems  to  have  made  an  unusual  impres- 
sion. Unfortunately  his  sudden  departure  left  much  of  his  teaching 
incomplete.  One  point  that  particularly  perplexed  the  church  con- 
cerned those  who  had  died  before  Christ's  return.  It  was  feared  that 
they  would  be  at  a  disadvantage  as  compared  with  those  who  sur- 
vived. Paul  allayed  these  fears  by  explaining  that  those  who  had 
fallen  asleep  in  Jesus  would  at  His  coming  be  raised  from  the  dead 
and  share  fully  in  the  glory  of  that  stupendous  event.  That  Paul 
when  writing  these  things  confidently  looked  for  this  consummation 
in  his  own  life-time  is  clear  from  his  uso  of  the  words  "  we  that  are 


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«dive (1  Thes.  4:15),  which  included  himself  among  those  who 
snould  then  be  living.  Toward  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  however, 
his  views  on  this  point  seem  to  have  changed,  for  we  find  him  speaking 
of  going  to  be  with  Christ  (Phil.  1 : 23)  and  of  being  ready  for  his  de- 
parture (2  Tim.  4:6-8). 

DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 

Sunday.  Paul's  Thanksgiving  for  the  Thessalonians.    i  Thes.  ch.  i. 

Monday.  Paul's  Anxiety  to  Revisit  them,    i  Thes.  2:13-20. 

Tuesday.  The  Coming  Again  of  Christ,    i  Thes.  4: 13 — 5  : 11. 

Wednesday.  Various  Exhortations,    i  Thes.  5:12-28. 

Thursday.  Further  Thanksgiving  and  Comfort.    2  Thes.  ch.  i. 

Friday.  Errors  concerning  the  Advent  Corrected.    2  Thes.  ch.  2. 

Saturday.  Closing  Exhortations  and  Instructions.    2  Thes.  ch.  3. 

Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:  1  Thes.  ch.  1. 
Golden  Text:  "Be  not  weary  in  well-doing."    2  Thes.  3:13. 

REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  success  did  Paul  have  in  Athens?  2.  How  did  he  begin 
his  work  in  Corinth?  3.  What  trouble  did  he  have  there?  4.  How 
was  he  comforted?  5.  Describe  his  journey  back  to  Antioch  in  Syria." 
6.  How.  is  the  narrative  in  Acts  supplemented  by  Paul's  epistles 
(Note  2)?  7.  What  is  the  title  of  this  lesson?  its  object?  its 
Golden  Text? 

LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN-ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 
Topic  1.    PauPs  Love  for  the  Thessalonians.   1  Thes.  chs.  1-3. 
1.  Why  had  Paul  left  Thessalonica  ?    (Acts  17:5-10.) 


2.  What  did  he  afterwards  especially  wish  to  do?  (1  Thes.  2: 17,  18; 
Note  3.) 


3.  Whom  did  he  send  from  Athens  as  a  substitute,  and  why? 
(1  Thes.  3:1-3.) 


4.  Concerning  what  was  Paul  very  anxious?    (1  Thes.  3:4,  5.) 


5.   How  were  these  anxieties  removed?    (1  Thes.  3:6,  7*.^ 


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6.   How  did  this  good  news  affect  him?    (1  Thes.  3:8,  9.) 


7.  How  did  he  begin  the  letter  which  he  then  wrote?  (1  fhes. 
1:2,3.) 


8.  What  had  the  Thessalonians  done  that  especially  pleased  him? 
(1  Thes.  1:6-8.) 


9.   In  view  of  these  things,  what  did  he  call  them?    (1  Thes.  2: 19.) 


Topic  2.  Paul  Comforting  the  Thessalonians.    1  Thes.  4: 13 — 5: 10. 
10.   How  did  Paul  comfort  the  Thessalonians  concerning  those 
who  had  fallen  asleep  in  Jesus?    (1  Thes.  4:13-15;  Note  5.) 


11.  How  did  he  describe  the  coming  again  of  Christ?  (1  Thes.  4: 
16-18.) 


12.  What  teaching  respecting  the  time  of  the  advent  did  he  empha- 
size?   (1  Thes.  5:1,2;  comp.  Note  4.) 


13.  What  practical  precept  did  he  enforce?    (1  Thes.  5:4-8.) 


14.  What  did  he  declare  to  be  Gk)d*s  great  purpose  through  the 
Gospel?    (1  Thes.  5:9,  10.) 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

15.  What  traits  of  character  are  conspicuous  in  Paul's  letter  to  the 
Thessalonians  (1  Thes.  2:7-12)?    In  what  sense  were  they  his  children? 


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In  what  sense  were  they  his  "crown  of  glorying"  (1  Thes.  2:19)? 
Who  will  have  a  similar  reward  (comp.  Jas.  5: 19,  20;  Dan.  12:3)? 

16.  What  fears  distressed  the  Thessalonian  Christians  conc-^.xning 
those  of  their  number  who  had  died  (1  Thes.  4:13)?  How  did  the 
heathen  mourn  for  their  dead  ?  What  light  does  the  Gospel  throw  on 
the  hereafter?  How  should  this  affect  our  grief  concerning  those  who 
die  in  Christ  ? 

17.  What  was  the  general  expectation  of  the  early  church  respecting 
the  coming  again  of  Christ  (Jas.  5:8,  9;  1  Pet.  4:7;  1  Thes.  4:  15-17; 
Note  5)  ?  What  did  our  Lord  say  on  this  point  (Mt.  24: 32-36)?  What 
constant  duty  did  He  emphasize  (Mt.  24 : 44)  ?  How  may  this  duty 
best  be  fulfilled? 

18.  What  great  solace  have  Christians  in  respect  to  those  who  die 
with  faith  in  Christ  ?    (Memorize  answer.) 

"If  we  believe  that  Jesus  died  and  rose  again,  even  so  them  also  that  are  fallen 
asleep  in  Jesus  will  God  bring  with  him."    (1  Thes.  4:14.) 

19.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  statement  of  Paul's  reasons  for 
writing  the  letters  to  the  Thessalonians,  and  of  the  new  traits  in  his 
character  revealed  by  these  letters. 


Lesson  25.    PAUL  AND  THE  GALATIANS.    His  Efforts  to 
Save  them  from  False  Teachers.    Selections  from  Gala- 
tians.  Written  about  a.d.  53  or  54.   Place  uncertain. 

Note  1.  Object  of  this  Lesson.  To  show  how  Paul  counteracted 
the  false  teachings  of  the  Judaizers  in  the  Galatian  churches. 

Note  2.  The  Historical  Situation.  The  decision  of  the  council  in 
Jerusalem  (Lesson  18)  that  Gentile  converts  need  not  conform  to  the 
Jewish  law  was  not  received  by  the  Judaizing  zealots  as  final.  Though 
they  could  no  longer  enforce  the  keeping  of  the  law  by  apostolic  author- 
ity, they  sought  to  persuade  the  Gentile  converts  to  keep  it  as  a  con- 
dition of  participation  in  the  blessings  of  the  chosen  people.  Their 
first  step  in  this  direction  was  seen  in  the  attempt  to  impose  Jewish 
social  distinctions  upon  the  church  in  Antioch,  which  was  severely 
rebuked  by  Paul  (Gal.  2:11-21).  They  next  attempted  to  win  over 
the  Galatian  churches  to  their  views. 

Their  method  consisted  in  undermining  the  love  of  the  Galatians 
for  Paul,  and  in  destroying  their  confidence  both  in  his  apostolic  author- 
ity and  in  the  Gospel  which  he  preached.  When  the  matter  came  to 
his  attention  it  demanded  immediate  action.  Apparently  unable  to 
visit  these  churches  at  once,  he  wrote  them  a  letter  instead.  In  this: 
Jae  defined  his  apostolic  authority,  rebuked  the  Galatians  for  their 


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fickleness  and  folly  in  forsaking  the  freedom  of  the  Gospel  for  .he  bond- 
age of  the  law,  and  presented  an  argument  for  the  supericyfity  of  the 
Gospel  so  conclusive  that  his  triumph  over  the  Judaizers  in  Galatia 
was  complete. 

Note  3.  Date  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Galatians.  The  date  of  this  epis- 
tle has  been  much  disputed.  It  is  not  likely  that  the  defection  in 
Galatia  took  place  until  after  Paul's  visit  there  on  his  second  mis- 
sionary journey.  If  so,  he  may  have  heard  of  it  soon  after  reaching 
Corinth,  and  this  may  account  in  part,  at  least,  for  his  deep  despond- 
ency at  that  time  (Note  4,  Lesson  23).  If  the  Galatian  letter  was 
■^/ritten  then,  and  before  Timothy's  return  from  Thessalonica,  it  was 
^he  earliest  of  Paul's  epistles. 

It  seems  more  likely,  however,  that  Paul  did  not  hear  of  the  trouble 
in  Galatia  until  toward  the  close  of  his  ministry  in  Corinth,  or  even 
until  his  return  to  Antioch  in  Syria  at  the  end  of  the  second  missionary 
journey.  This  view,  which  is  adopted  in  these  lessons,  puts  the  Gala- 
tian epistle  after  those  to  the  Thessalonians,  but  leaves  the  place  of 
writing  uncertain. 

Note  4.  Paul's  Defense  of  his  Apostleship.  Gal.  chs.  1,  2.  The 
apostles  were  accepted  by  the  church  as  inspired  teachers  of  the  truth. 
Their  word  was  absolute.  The  Judaizers  therefore  defended  their 
rejection  of  Paul's  teachings  in  Galatia  by  denying  his  apostleship. 
They  had  some  ground  for  this  in  the  fact  that  he  was  not  one  of 
the  Twelve.  This  led  him  to  begin  his  letter  to  the  Galatians  with 
an  emphatic  defense  of  his  apostolic  character.  After  asserting  that 
he  was  made  an  apostle  not  by  men  but  by  Christ  Himself  (1:1,  15, 
16),  he  proves  conclusively  from  the  facts  of  his  past  life,  both  as  a 
Pharisee  and  as  a  Christian,  that  he  was  not  a  recreant  disciple  of  the 
other  apostles,  but  himself  an  apostle  having  a  direct  commission  from 
God,  independent  of  the  other  apostles,  and  recognized  as  such  by  them 
(1:11—2:21). 

Note  5.  PauPs  Defense  of  his  Teachings.  Gal.  chs.  3, 4.  The 
questions  at  issue  in  Galatia  were  based  on  the  nature  and  requirements 
of  God's  covenant  with  Abraham,  which  the  Jews  regarded  as  the 
source  of  all  spiritual  as  well  as  national  benefits.  The  Judaizers 
claimed  that  salvation  through  Jesus  the  Messiah  was  one  of  the 
blessings  included  in  this  covenant,  and  that  in  order  to  partake  of  it 
one  must  either  be  a  lineal  descendant  of  Abraham,  or  else  must  be 
adopted  into  the  Abrahamic  family  through  circumcision  and  obedience 
to  the  law.  Paul  on  the  other  hand  contended  that  salvation  comes 
through  faith  in  Christ  alone,  and  that  whoever  has  this  faith  becomei 


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thereby  a  spiritual  son  of  Abraham,  and  does  not  need  to  be  circum- 
cised or  to  keep  the  law.  His  argument  may  be  summarized  a« 
follows : 

He  first  reminds  the  Galatians  that  it  was  through  faith  that  they 
had  received  the  gift  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  which,  as  in  the  case  of 
Cornelius  (Acts  11 : 15, 17), was  the  supreme  evidence  of  their  acceptance 
with  God,  thus  proving  from  their  own  experience  the  sufficiency  of 
faith  (3:1-5).  He  then  proceeds  to  show  (a)  that  Abraham  himself 
was  saved  by  faith,  and  that  all  who  have  faith  are  blessed  with  him 
(3:6-9);  (b)  that  the  law  through  its  penalties  for  disobedience,  brings 
not  a  blessing,  but  a  curse,  from  which  men  are  saved  only  through 
faith  in  Christ  (3:10-14);  (c)  that  the  Abrahamic  covenant  of  faith 
preceded  the  law  and  could  not  be  annulled  by  it  (3: 15-22);  (d)  that 
the  law  was  not  designed  to  take  the  place  of  faith  but  to  teach  the 
need  of  it  (3:23,  24);  and  (e)  that  those  who  have  faith  are  not  under 
the  law,  but  are  the  sons  of  God  and  heirs  of  the  promises  made  to 
Abraham,  while  those  under  the  law  are  its  bond-servants  (3:25 — 
4:7). 

This  triumphant  argument  is  followed  by  various  exhortations  and 
illustrations  designed  to  enforce  the  supremacy  of  faith,  and  to 
guard  the  Galatians  against  the  teachings  of  the  Judaizers.  That 
Paul's  presentation  of  the  case  was  successful  is  evident  from  the  fact 
that  nothing  more  is  heard  of  the  defection  in  Galatia. 

DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS. 
Sunday.         Patil*s  Gospel  Received  from  God.    Gal.  ch.  i. 
Monday.         Paul's  Gospel  Endorsed  at  Jerusalem.    Gal.  ch.  2. 
Tuesday.        The  Folly  of  Relapsing  into  the  Law.    Gal.  3 : 1-22. 
Wednesday.    The  Law  Preparatory  to  the  Gospel.    Gal.  3:23 — 4:11. 
Thursday.      Adherents  of  the  Law  are  Bondsmen.    Gal.  4:12 — 5:1. 
Friday.  Holding  Fast  our  Freedom  in  Christ.    Gal.  5  :  2-26. 

Saturday.       General  Exhortations  and  Conclusion.    Gal.  ch.  6. 
Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:  Gal.  3: 1-14. 
Golden  Text :  **  Christ  redeemed  us  from  the  curse  of  the  law." 
Gal.  3:13. 

REVIEW  AND  PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS. 

1.  Mention  the  places  visited  by  Paul  on  his  first  missionary  jour- 
ney; on  his  second  missionary  journey.  2.  When  and  where  did  he 
write  the  two  letters  to  the  Thessalonians  ?  3.  What  was  his  object 
in  writing  them?  4.  How  had  the  Thessalonians  given  him  great  joy? 
6.  What  question  connected  with  the  coming  again  of  Christ  distressed 
them?  6.  How  did  Paul  answer  it?  7.  What  is  the  title  of  this 
lesson?   its  object?   its  Golden  Text? 


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LESSON  OUTLINE,  WITH  WRITTEN- ANSWER  QUESTIONS. 

Topic  1.    Paul's  Defense  of  his  Apostleship.    Gal.  ch.  1. 
1.  What  occasioned  the  writing  of  Paul's  letter  to  the  Galatians? 
(Gal.  1:6,  7;  Notes  2,  3.) 


2.  In  this  letter  what  did  he  emphasize  concerning  himself,  and  why? 
(Gal.  1:1,  11,  12,  16,  17;  2:9;  Note  4.) 


3.  What  did  he  say  of  those  who  preached  a  Gospel  different  from 
that  which  he  preached?    (Gal.  1:8,  9.) 


Topic  2.    Paul's  Defense  of  his  Gospel.    Gal.  chs.  3-5. 

4.  In  proving  to  the  Galatians  the  sufficiency  of  faith,  what  did  Paul 
say  of  their  own  experience?    (Gal.  3: 1-5;  Note  5.) 


5.  How  did  he  say  that  Abraham  himself  was  justified?  (Gal.  3:6; 
Gen.  15:6.) 


6.  How  may  Gentiles  become  the  spiritual  sons  of  Abraham? 
(Gal.  3:7-9.) 


7.  Why  does  the  law  bring  a  curse  on  those  who  try  to  save  them- 
selves by  keeping  it  ?    (Gal.  3 : 10-12.) 


8.  How  is  this  curse  removed?  (Gal.  3:13,  14;  comp.  Mt.  20:28; 
1  Tim.  2:6.) 


Ifote  6.   Gal.  3  : 15 — 4  :  3.   In  answer  to  the  natural  inquiry  why  then  was  the  law 

given,  Paul  shows  that  it  was  not  designed  to  supersede  the  Abrahamic  covenant  of 
salvation  by  faith,  but  to  awaken  a  consciousness  of  sin  and  so  to  teach  men  their  nee4 
of  Christ  and  to  lead  them  to  Him  (see  Note  5  and  Expl,  Notes  in  App,), 


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9.  What  do  men  become  through  faith?    (Gal.  4:4-7.) 

10.  How  had  the  Galatians  nevertheless  shown  their  foolishness? 
(Gal.  4:8-11.) 

11.  How  were  they  to  guard  from  abuse  the  freedom  with  which 
Christ  had  set  them  free?    (Gal.  5: 1,  13,  14.) 


12.  How  were  they  to  show  that  henceforth  they  were  not  under  the 
law  but  under  the  Spirit?    (Gal.  5: 18-26.) 


LESSON  TEACHINGS,  WITH  QUESTIONS  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

13.  What  had  the  Galatians  received  through  faith  (Gal.  3:2)? 
How  alone  can  men  be  justified  (Gal.  2: 16)?  What  is  it  to  have  faith 
in  Christ  ? 

14.  What  do  we  become  through  God's  grace  in  Christ  (Gal.  4:4, 
5)  ?  What  inward  assurance  of  this  is  given  (Gal.  4:6;  Rom.  8:15,  16)  ? 
What  is  it  to  be  a  child  of  God? 

15.  Unto  what  are  Christians  called  (Gal.  5:13a)?  Against  what 
must  they  guard  themselves  (Gal.  5 : 136)  ?  What  is  Christian  freedom? 
How  can  those  under  the  Gospel  fulfil  the  law  (Gal.  5: 14;  Jas.  2:8)? 

16.  How  did  Abraham  exemplify  the  great  principle  of  salvation  bv 
faith? 

"  Abraham  believed  God,  and  it  was  reckoned  iinto  him  for  righteousness."  (Gal. 
3:6.) 

17.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  summary  of  the  reasons  for  Paul's 
letter  to  the  Galatians  and  of  the  argument  by  which  he  established 
the  freedom  of  believers  in  Christ  from  the  Jewish  law. 


Lesson  26.    REVIEW  OF  LESSONS  14-25. 

Note  1.  Summary  of  the  Quarterns  Lessons.  The  lessons  of  this 
quarter  cover  about  nineteen  years,  or  from  the  conversion  of  Saul 
about  A.  D.  35  to  the  close  of  the  second  missionary  journey  about 
A.  D.  54. 

The  events  embraced  in  these  lessons  may  be  divided  into  three 
groups.    (1)  The  conversion  of  Saul  and  his  early  Christian  work. 


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This,  with  the  assistance  of  Barnabas,  included  the  establishment  of  a 
great  Gentile  church  at  Antioch,  which  by  the  sending  of  these  men 
into  the  heathen  world  became  the  mother  missionary  church.  (2) 
The  first  missionary  journey  undertaken  by  Barnabas  and  Saul.  This 
included  the  carrying  of  the  Gospel  into  Cyprus  and  into  the  Galatian 
cities  of  Antioch,  Iconium,  Lystra,  and  Derbe,  and  was  followed  by  the 
memorable  council  at  Jerusalem.  (S^  The  second  missionary  journey 
of  Paul  and  Silas.  This  includea  a  second  visit  to  the  Galatian 
churches  and  an  extension  of  the  Gospel  into  the  Macedonian  cities  of 
Philippi,  Thessalonica  and  Beroea,  and  into  the  Achaian  cities  of 
Athens  and  Corinth;  from  Corinth  Paul  wrote  the  two  letters  to  the 
Thessalonians,  and  either  from  there  or  from  Antioch  in  Syria  the 
letter  to  the  Galatians. 

The  one  movement  of  supreme  historical  importance  in  this  period 
was  the  transition  of  Christianity  from  a  narrow  and  exclusive  Jewish 
sect  into  a  world-religion.  In  this  stupendous  task  Paul  bore  a  lead- 
ing and,  at  times,  a  solitary  part.  His  misijionary  work  was  the  most 
important  ever  done  by  man.  His  epistles  are  among  the  most  pre- 
cious heritages  bequeathed  to  us  by  the  ancient  world.  But  more 
important  than  these,  and  without  which  they  would  have  passed  into 
quick  oblivion,  was  his  work  in  leading  the  early  Jewish  converts  out 
of  their  inherited  exclusiveness  into  a  fellowship  where  there  was  no 
longer  any  distinction  between  Jew  and  Gentile,  and  where  all  believers 
constituted  one  brotherhood  in  Christ. 

DAILY  SCRIPTURE  READINGS.    PauPs  Addresses. 

Sunday.       ^  T  Acts  13 : 13-25. 

Monday.  >  To  the  Jews  in  Antioch  of  Pisidia.  <  Acts  13  :  26-41. 
Tuesday.     )  (  Acts  13 142-52. 

Wednesday.  To  the  People  at  Lystra.    Acts  14:8-18. 
Thursday.      To  Peter  at  Antioch  in  Syria.    Gal.  2  : 1 1-2 1. 

Friday.        )  Athenians  on  Mars  Hill.  1 1""!"  ^7:16-23., 

Saturday.    )  i  Acts  17  :  24-34. 

Scripture,  to  be  read  in  school  or  class,  if  desired:  Jas.  1 : 19-27. 

Golden  Text :     Go  ye  into  all  the  world,  and  preach  the  gospel." 

Mk.  16:15. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  CONVERSION  OF  SAUL  AND  HIS 
EARLY  WORK. 

1.  What  led  Saul  to  persecute  the  Christian  church?  What  spirit 
did  he  display  in  this  work?  What  led  him  to  go  to  Damascus? 
Relate  briefly  the  story  of  Saul's  conversion.  Where  did  he  spend  the 
next  three  years,  and  why?  What  were  his  subsequent  experiences  at 
Damascus?  at  Jerusalem?    What  led  the  church  at  Jerusalem  to  sent 


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Barnabas  to  Antioch?  What  is  known  of  his  previous  life?  Who 
assisted  him  in  the  work  at  Antioch,  and  with  what  result? 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  FIRST  MISSIONARY  JOURNEY. 

2.  How  did  direct  missions  to  the  Gentiles  begin  in  the  church  at 
Antioch?  What  were  the  leading  incidents  in  the  work  of  Barnabas 
and  Saul  in  Cyprus?  in  Antioch  of  Pisidia?  in  Iconium?  in  Lystra  an  \ 
Derbe?  At  the  council  in  Jerusalem  how  did  Peter,  Paul  and  Barnaba 
each  contribute  to  the  solution  of  the  qtiestion  at  issue  ?  What  was  tht 
decision  of  the  council?  Describe  the  contention  between  Paul  ar^d 
Peter  at  Antioch.    What  bold  position  did  Paul  take? 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  SECOND  MISSIONARY  JOURNEY. 

3.  Who  accompanied  Paul  on  his  second  missionary  journey?  What 
special  reason  had  Paul  for  visiting  the  Galatian  churches  at  this  time  r 
How  was  he  led  to  Troas?  What  impelled  him  to  cross  over  int( 
Europe?  Mention  the  leading  incidents  connected  with  Paul's 
ministry  in  Philippi.  What  success  attended  his  work  at  Thessalonica  ? 
What  interrupted  his  work  there?  Where  did  he  then  go?  What  did 
he  try  to  prove  in  his  address  to  the  Athenian  philosophers?  Whai 
was  the  length  of  Paul's  ministry  in  Corinth?  What  was  his  success 
there?  What  epistles  were  written  at  this  time?  What  places  did  he 
visit  on  his  return  to  Antioch  in  Syria  ? 

GENERAL  QUESTIONS. 

4.  Which  two  of  the  six  apostolic  leaders  whose  lives  we  have 
studied  in  this  series  of  lessons  appear  most  prominently  during  this 
period?    Which  four  met  on  one  occasion? 

5.  What  policy  did  Paul  pursue  in  selecting  the  places  where  he 
carried  on  his  missionary  operations?  Among  whom  in  each  place  did 
he  commonly  begin  his  work? 

6.  State  briefly  the  question  at  issue  in  the  council  at  Jerusalem  and 
how  it  arose.  Why  were  the  Judaizers  so  strenuous  in  the  position 
maintained  by  them?    What  was  Paul's  most  important  work. 

7.  What  are  the  prominent  traits  of  character  revealed  by  Barnabas? 
What,  by  Paul  thus  far? 

8.  Write  in  your  note-book  a  brief  summary  of  the  life  of  Paul  as  far 
as  studied  in  these  lessons. 


r 


APPENDIX. 


TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS* 

App.  Appendix  to  the  lessons.    A.  R.  V.  The  American  Revised  Version  of  the  Bible, 

•used  in  these  lessons.  E.  R.  V.  The  English  Revised  Version.  A.  V.  The  Authorized 
Version  of  the  Bible  —  the  one  in  most  common  use.  B.  D.  Bible  Dictionary,  in  the 
Appendix,  cf .  or  comp.  Compare,  e.  g.  For  example,  ff.  The  following  verses  or 
pages,  pp.  Pages,  w.  s.  Which  see.  (?)  An  interrogation  point  in  parentheses  placed 
after  a  word  or  statement  expresses  doubt  as  to  its  correctness.  LXX.  The  Greek  Old 
Testament,  the  Septuagint.    MSS.  Ancient  Manuscripts  of  the  Bible. 

In  Scripture  references  chapters  and  verses  are  indicated  in  four  different  ways,  as 
follows:  (1)  Mt.  5  :  8,  which  means  Matthew,  fifth  chapter,  eighth  verse;  (2)  Mt.  5  :  3-10, 
which  means  Matthew,  fifth  chapter,  verses  3  to  10  inclusive;  (3)  Mt.  5  :  3,  10,  which 
means  Matthew,  fifth  chapter,  verses  3  and  10,  but  not  the  verses  between  them;  and  (4) 
Mt.  5  :  43 — 6  :  15,  which  means  all  the  verses  from  Mt.  5:43  to  and  including  Mt.  6: 15; 
in  this  fourth  case,  which  indicates  a  passage  from  more  than  one  chapter,  a  dash  is 
used,  which  is  twice  as  long  as  the  hyphen  used  between  verses  in  the  same  chapter. 
The  small  letters,  a,  b,  c,  added  after  a  verse  numeral  (thus;  Mk.  6 ;  6a) ,  refer  to  the  suc- 
cessive clauses  or  evident  divisions  in  the  verse. 


LIST  OF  BOOKS  RECOMMENDED. 

The  Bible.  The  American  Revised  Version  is  earnestly  recommended.  It  is  the 
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divinity  circuit,  $2.00  to  $7.00,  all  net.  For  Sunday-schools  using  the  Authorized 
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$1.25  to  $7.00,  according  to  binding. 

Next  in  Value.  Concordances. — Cruden  :  $1.50;  condensed,  $1.00.  Walker  :  Com- 
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good  work,  $2.00.  American  Tract  Society's  :  An  excellent  work  for  the  price,  $1.50. 
Hastings  :  Up  to  date,  and  decidedly  the  best  extant,  5  vols.  $6.00  each.  Harmonies. — 
Burton:  Records  and  Letters  of  the  Apostolic  Age;  the  Acts  and  Epistles  arranged  in 
substantially  the  same  order  as  in  these  lessons;  valuable  notes;  very  useful,  $1.50  net. 
Paraphrase  of  .the  Text. — Stevens  :  The  Messages  of  Paul,  luminous  interpretations  and 
brief  introductions  to  the  Pauline  epistles,  $1.25  net. 

Introductory  Books. — Cambridge  Companion  to  the  Bible  :  Very  valuable,  $1.25  net. 
Oxford  "Helps  to  the  Study  of  the  Bible  "  :  $1.50.  A  standard  work,  similar  to  the 
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Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes,  Lessons  14  and  Jt^' 


Lesson  14.  THE  CONVERSION  OF  SAUL. 
Acts  9:l-19a.  (1)  Yet:  Implying  an  interval  of  time  after  the  beginning  of 
the  persecution  mentioned  in  8 :  i ,  3 .  Breathing  .  .  .  slaughter :  He  lived  in  aii 
atmosphere  of  bloodshed.  In  26: 10  he  says  that  he  gave  his  "  vote  "  against 
those  who  were  put  to  death.  This  implies  either  that  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Sanhedrin,  or  of  some  special  tribunal  appointed  to  try  the.  believers  in  Jesus. 
The  latter  seems  more  probable,  since  the  Sanhedrists  were  usually  men  of 
advanced  age,  with  families,  and  of  aristocratic  rank.  Went  unto  the  high 
priest,  etc. :  The  commission  to  go  to  Damascus  was  not  laid  on  him,  but  sought 
by  him.  (2)  Letters  to  Damascus :  That  there  were  believers  in  Damascus  shows 
how  widely  the  Gospel  had  already  spread.  The  civil  jurisdiction  of  the  San- 
hedrin was  restricted  to  Judea,  but  in  a  sense  its  authority  was  recognized  by  the 
Jews  throughout  the  world,  and  hence  Saul  armed  himself  with  letters  frnm  it. 
The  (A.  V.  "  this  ")  Way:  An  early  name  for  the  Christian  religion  (Actb  ±g:g, 
22:4;  24 :  22)  suggested  perhaps  by  the  words,  "  I  am  the  way,"  etc.  (Jo.  14 : 6). 
The  true  religious  life  is  also  often  spoken  of  in  the  Old  Testament  as  a  way 
(Is.  30:21;  35:8,  etc.).  (3)  Suddenly  ...  a  light  out  of  (A.  V.  "from") 
heaven:  **  At  midday  "  (Acts  26: 13),  when  the  light  of  the  sun  was  brightest 
and  when  the  heat  would  have  inclined  other  travelers  to  interrupt  the  journey. 
(5)  I  am  Jesus :  That  this  was  a  personal  appearance  of  Jesus  to  Saul  is  certified 
by  the  facts  (i)  that  upon  its  reality  he  founded  his  whole  subsequent  religious 
faith  and  based  his  claim  to  the  full  rank  of  an  apostle;  (2)  that  this  vision 
enabled  him  to  testify  with  immovable  confidence  to  the  resurrection  of  Christ 
and  His  exaltation  to  the  right  hand  of  God;  and  that  he  reckoned  this  vision  as 
the  last  of  Christ's  appearances  after  His  resurrection  (i  Cor.  15:8).  ^A.  V.) 
It  is  hard,  etc. :  Not  in  the  R.  V.  This  part  of  vs.  5  in  the  A.  V.  has  been  trans- 
ferred from  Acts  26:14,  where  it  is  genuine.  (6  A.V.)  And  he  ...  to  do: 
Omitted  from  the  R.  v.,  in  accordance  with  the  best  MSS.  (7)  Stood  speechless: 
While  Saul  remained  prostrate,  the  others  probably  rose  up  at  once  after  their 
fall  (see  26 : 14).  Hearing  the  (A.  V.  "  a  ")  voice:  Probably  they  heard  a  sound 
but  did  not  distinguish  the  words  spoken;  comp.  22:9,  "  they  heard  not  the  voice 
of  him  that  spake,"  that  is,  did  not  understand  what  He  said.  These  differences 
are  of  trifling  importance.  (11)  The  street  .  .  .  called  Straight:  The  main 
thoroughfare  of  the  city,  a  mile  long,  running  in  a  direct  line  from  the  eastern  to 
the  western  gate.  (15)  A  chosen  vessel:  Literally,  "  a  vessel  of  election,  or 
choice."  The  figure  is  that  of  clay  in  a  potter's  hand  which  he  molds  into  what- 
ever form  he  chooses.  So  Saul  was  shaped  by  divine  agency  into  a  suitable 
instrument  for  the  accomplishment  ol  divine  purposes.  Bear  my  name  before 
the  Gentiles:  Saul's  mission  was  made  known  first  of  all  to  Ananias,  who  though 
a  strict  Jew  was  large-minded  enough  to  welcome  this  inclusion  of  the  Gentiles 
in  the  kingdom  of  God.  (17)  Brother:  In  the  Christian  faith.  (18)  Scales: 
Possibly  an  incrustation  due  to  inflammation  occasioned  by  the  intensity  of  the 
light  that  had  blinded  him.    Was  baptized:  Probably  by  Ananias. 


Lesson  15.    THE  TRAINING  OF  SAUL. 
Acts  9:196-25.     (19)  Certain  days :  Implies  a  brief  stay  in  Damascus  after  his 
conversion,  perhaps  a  week  or  two.    (20)  Proclaimed  Jesus  (A.  V.  **  preached 
Christ"):  His  preaching  rested  on  the  revelation  made  to  him  of  the  risen 
Christ  in  heavenly  glory.  Son  of  God  :  Thi  waj=^  1  Jewish  title  of  the  Messiah,  but 


Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes,  Lesson  i6 


owing  to  the  revelation  made  to  Saul  this  title  meant  far  more  to  him  now  than 
it  did  before.  (22)  Christ :  None  other  than  the  Messiah  whom  the  prophets  had 
predicted  and  whom  the  Jews  expected,  but  whom  in  their  blindness  they  had 
crucified.  (23")  Many  days:  Expanded  in  Gal.  i:i8  into  "  three  years."  (25) 
But  his  (A.  V.  **  then  the  ")  disciples :  Converts  made  by  him  in  Damascus.  (26) 
When  he  (A.  V.  "  Said  ")  was  come  to  Jerusalem:  His  suspicious  reception 
proves  that  this  vxsit  was  the  first  after  his  conversion;  the  same  one  spoken  of  in 
Gal.  i:i8.  Afraid  of  him:  Because  they  had  not  heard  of  his  recent  work  in 
Damascus.  (27)  Barnabas:  Probably  he  had  been  in  Damascus,  where  he  had 
witnessed  Saul's  work.  To  the  apostles:  That  is,  to  Peter  and  James  (Gal.  i: 
i8,  19).  (28)  Going  (A.  V.  "  coming  ")  in  and  going  out:  This  points  to  a  minis- 
try in  the  surrounding  country  as  well  as  in  Jerusalem.  (29)  Boldly:  Not 
defiantly,  but  with  the  utmost  confidence  and  conviction.  Grecian  Jews  (A.  V. 
"  Grecians  ") :  See  B.  D. 

Acts  11:19-30.  (19)  Only  to  Jews  (A.  V.  "  unto  the  Jews  only  "):  Thereby 
revealing  their  strong  national  prejudices.  (20)  Men  of  Cyprus  and  Cyrene: 
These  may  have  been  among  the  converts  on  the  day  of  Pentecost  (Acts  2:10). 
They  were  at  any  rat*^  Hellenistic  Jews,  less  exclusive  than  their  Palestinian 
brethren,  and  fitted  to  lead  in  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel  to  the  Gentiles. 
Antioch :  See  B.  D.  (22)  Sent  forth  Barnabas :  The  fact  that  they  sent  a  man  of 
such  liberal  ideas  shows  that  they  too  were  beginning  to  surmount  their  Jewish 
prejudices.  (24)  A  good  man  .  .  .  faith :  A  commendation  given  to  no  other 
man  in  the  Bible  except  Stephen,  who  was  also  a  Hellenist.  (25)  To  Tarsus, 
etc. :  Tarsus  had  been  the  center  from  which  Saul  had  extended  his  work  into 
Syria  and  Cilicia.  (26)  Christians:  The  Hebrew  term  "Messiah"  the  "Anointed," 
was  translated  into  the  Greek  "Christos,"  and  to  this  was  appended  a  Latin 
termination,  thus  giving  the  term  "  Christianos,"  or  Christian.  This  name  was 
doubtless  applied  by  the  unconverted  Gentiles,  and  was  perhaps  used  first  in 
ridicule.  The  Jews  called  the  disciples  in  contempt  *'  Nazarenes,"  while  they 
called  one  another  "  brethren,"  "  saints,"  or  "  disciples."  (28)  A  great  famine 
(A.  V.  "  dearth  ") :  This  famine  began  in  a.  d.  44,  and  was  felt  severely  through- 
out Syria  and  Palestine.  (29)  Every  man  .  .  .  ability:  Literally,  "  in  propor- 
tion as  any  man  was  prospered." 

GaL  1:16-23.  (16)  Straightway  (A.  V.  and  R.  V.  immediately  "),  etc.: 
This,  as  well  as  the  **  certain  days  "  in  Acts  9:19  seems  inconsistent  with  the 
theory  of  a  protracted  ministry  to  Damascus  at  this  time.  (22)  Unknown  by 
face :  The  abrupt  termination  of  Saul's  stay  in  Jerusalem  prevented  his  personal 
acquaintance  with  the  churches  in  Judea  outside  of  that  city.  (23)  But  they : 
That  is,  these  churches  with  which  he  did  not  come  into  personal  contact. 


Lesson  16.  BARNABAS  AND  SAUL  SENT  TO  THE  GENTILES. 
Acts  eh.  13.  (1)  Prophets:  Those  who  communicated  any  kind  of  truth 
taught  them  by  the  divine  Spirit,  not  necessarily  foretellers  of  future  events. 
(2)  As  they  ministered  .  .  .  and  fasted:  Possibly  they  were  considering  their 
duty  about  sending  the  Gospel  to  the  Gentiles.  Separate  me:  Notice  the 
emphasis  on  the  personality  and  authority  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  (3)  Fasted  and 
prayed :  Probably  the  church  joined  in  these  observances.  Laid  their  hands  on 
hem  r  Not  to  ordain  them  to  a  new  office,  but  as  a  sign  of  special  appointment 
^•0  the  work  of  preaching  in  Gentile  nations.     Paul  utterly  repudiated  having 

xii 


Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes,  Lesson  ly 


been  made  an  apostle  by  men  (Gal.  i :  i).  (5)  Synagogues:  This  indicates  the 
large  number  of  Jews  there.  (6)  A  certain  sorcerer :  One  among  the  multitude 
of  charlatans  who  flourished  at  that  time.  (10)  The  right  ways  of  the  Lord: 
Namely,  the  Gospel  and  its  requirements  (comp.  Hos.  14:9).  (13)  To  Perga: 
For  some  reason  not  given,  but  perhaps  owing  to  an  attack  of  the  prevailing 
coast  fever,  Paul  did  not  preach  here  at  this  time,  as  he  did  on  his  return  (Acts 
14:  25),  but  hurried  into  the  mountainous  regions  of  the  interior.  (16)  Ye  that 
fear  God:  That  is,  the  Gentile  proselytes  present.  (25)  Fulfilling  (A.  V.  "  ful- 
filled ")  his  course:  By  announcing  Jesus  as  the  Christ  (Jo.  i :  29-34).  This  was 
one  proof  of  Jesus'  Messiahship.  (34)  Sure  blessings  (A.  V.  **  mercies  ")  of 
David:  The  promise  that  one  of  his  descendants  should  sit  on  his  throne  forever. 
This  promise  could  be  realized  only  through  One  who  through  resurrection  had 
passed  into  an  immortal  life.  (39)  By  him  ...  of  Moses:  Here  is  Paul's 
doctrine  of  justification  by  faith,  in  a  nutshell.  Faith  in  Jesus  whom  God 
raised  from  the  dead  accomplishes  what  a  scrupulous  keeping  of  the  law  cannot 
accomplish.  (41)  Behold,  ye  despisers,  etc.:  The  quotation  is  from  the 
Septuagint  version  of  Hab.  1:5,  where  the  prophet  is  referring  to  a  threatened 
invasion  of  Israel  by  the  Chaldeans.  Paul  is  quick  to  see  the  application  of  the 
words  to  the  Jews  before  him.  (45)  Jealousy  (A.  V.  **  envy  ") :  Partly  perhaps 
because  of  the  apostles'  success,  but  principally  because  Gentiles  were  invited  to 
share  in  the  Messianic  blessings  on  equal  terms  with  the  Jews.  (46)  It  was 
necessary  ...  to  you:  Because  this  was  God's  plan  (comp.  3:26).  We  turn 
to  the  Gentiles:  That  is,  in  this  city,  Antioch  of  Pisidia.  On  entering  a  new 
field  of  labor,  Paul's  custom  was  to  preach  first  to  the  Jews,  and  afterward  to  the 
Gentiles  (comp.  18:6;  19:9).  (48)  Ordained  (or  "  appointed  ")  to  eternal  life: 
"  In  what  sense  men  are  appointed  by  God  unto  eternal  life  is  not  taught  very 
distinctly  here,  but  must  be  gathered  from  a  comparison  with  other  passages." — 
Hackett.  (49)  Region:  That  district  in  the  province  of  Galatia  of  which 
Antioch  formed  the  administrative  and  military  center.  The  results  here  noted 
would  indicate  a  work  extending  over  several  months.  (50)  Chief  men  of  the 
city:  Note  that  the  expulsion  was  by  the  local  magistrates,  and  not  by  the 
provincial  authorities;  hence  the  apostles  were  free  to  go  to  the  next  town.  (51) 
Shook  .  .  .  feet:  A  sign  of  disapprobation  (comp.  Lu.  9:5),  as  if  the  very  soil 
of  the  land  of  such  people  were  defiling. 


Lesson  17.  PAUL  AND  BARNABAS  IN  GALATIA. 
Acts  ch.  14.  (1)  Greeks:  Gentiles,  heathen,  who  spoke  or  understood  the 
Greek  language.  (5)  Onset  (A.  V.  **  assault  ") :  Rather  "  a  hostile  movement"; 
the  apostles  seem  to  have  escaped  by  sudden  flight.  (6)  Cities  of  Lycaonia: 
Luke  implies  that  in  going  to  Lystra  the  apostles  crossed  the  border  between 
Phrygia  and  Lycaonia.  His  accuracy  is  confirmed  by  recent  researches  which 
show  that  Iconium,  contrary  to  former  belief,  is  not  a  city  of  Lycaonia,  but  of 
Phrygia.  The  region :  Lystra  and  Derbe  were  not  located  in  the  same  govern- 
mental "  region,"  or  district  as  Antioch  and  Iconium;  hence  the  mention  of  the 
extension  of  the  Gospel  in  this  new  "  region."  (9)  Faith  to  be  made  whole 
(A.  V.  "  healed  "):  That  is,  such  faith  as  made  it  fitting  that  he  should  be 
healed  (comp.  Mt.  9:28,  29).  (11)  In  the  speech  of  Lycaonia:  This  native 
dialect  has  disappeared;  evidently  the  apostles  did  not  understand  it  or  they 
would  have  immediately  corrected  the  false  idea  of  the  people  regarding  them. 
(14)  Rent  their  garments  (A.  V.  "  clothes  "):  A  Jewish  sign  of  sorrow  and  of 

xiii 


Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes,  Lesson  i8 


horror  at  anything  thought  to  be  impious  (comp.  Mt.  26:65).  (15)  These  vain 
things  (A.  V.  **  vanities  ")  :  That  is,  the  gods  of  mythology  such  as  Jupiter  and 
Mercury.  (16)  Suffered  .  .  .  ways  :  Comp.  17:30.  (17)  And  yet  (A.  V.  "  nev- 
ertheless ")  .  .  .  good:  Even  to  the  heathen  God  gave  enough  knowledge  of 
Himself  to  make  them  responsible  (comp.  Rom.  i :  18-21).  Note  that  in  Paul's 
address  to  the  multitude  he  does  not  denounce  their  superstitions,  but  corrects 
the  error  into  which  they  had  fallen,  by  proclaiming  the  opposite  truth.  (20) 
Rose  up:  Not  a  resurrection  from  the  dead,  but  a  sudden  and  apparently 
miraculous  recovery  from  his  injuries.  (21)  Made  many  disciples  (A.  V. 
"  taught  many  ") :  No  opposition  seems  to  have  been  encoimtered  in  Derbe. 
(23)  Elders:  Appointed  usually  by  the  Christians  themselves  to  watch  over 
the  general  welfare  of  the  churches. 


Lesson  18.    PAUL  THE  CHAMPION  OF  LIBERTY. 

Acts  15:1-35.  (1)  Except  .  .  .  saved:  For  this  view  they  would  cite  such 
Scripture  as  Gen.  17:7,10,11;  Is.  52:1.  Moreover,  they  claimed  that  their 
views  were  in  perfect  accord  with  the  teachings  and  practice  of  Christ  Himself  as 
well  as  the  original  apostles.  (3)  The  brethren:  The  Christians  scattered 
through  Phoenicia  and  Samaria.  (7)  Much  questioning  (A.  V.  "  disputing  "): 
The  council  apparently  was  in  a  state  of  great  uncertainty  before  Peter  spoke. 
(12)  Rehearsing  (A.  V.  "  declaring  "),  etc.:  Barnabas  and  Paul  seem  to  have 
taken  no  part  in  the  public  discussion,  but  to  have  contented  themselves  with  a 
simple  recital  of  facts.  (13)  James :  The  Lord's  brother.  After  the  martyrdom 
of  James,  the  brother  of  John,  he  may  have  been  chosen  to  fill  the  vacancy 
among  the  Twelve,  since  Paul  in  Gal.  1:19  speaks  of  him  as  one  of  the  apostles. 
He  appears  to  have  been  the  presiding  officer,  or  moderator  at  the  council;  Luke 
gives  James'  words  as  the  closing  opinion  and  summing  up  of  the  discussion. 
(14)  Symeon  (A.  V.  "Simeon"):  The  Jewish  form  of  the  name  Simon,  the 
original  name  of  Peter.  For  his  name:  That  is,  to  bear  His  name.  (16,  17) 
After  these  things  (A.  V.  "  this,"  etc.):  The  prophecy  as  quoted  by  James  is  a 
loose  paraphrase  of  the  Septuagint.  (20)  Pollutions  of  idols :  That  is,  "  things 
sacrificed  (A.  V.  '  meats  offered  ')  to  idols  "  (vs.  29),  referring  to  the  meat  from 
idol  sacrifices  which  was  sold  in  the  public  markets.  The  Jews  considered  it 
sinful  to  touch  anything  connected  with  idol  worship.  Fornication:  The  speci- 
fication of  a  gross  immorality,  alongside  of  mere  ceremonial  regulations,  has 
induced  many  interpreters  to  hold  that  the  reference  here  is  not  what  it  appears 
to  be,  but  that  it  refers  to  marriage  within  certain  degrees  of  relationship, 
allowed  among  the  Gentiles,  but  forbidden  among  the  Jews.  What  is  (A.  V. 
"  things  ")  strangled:  The  Jews  were  forbidden  to  eat  flesh  until  the  blood  had 
been  poured  out  (Deut.  12:16,  23);  a  strangled  animal  contained  the  blood. 
(21)  For  Moses,  etc.:  These  observances  were  not  burdensome  to  the  Gentiles, 
and  their  observance  helped  to  make  Christianity  less  offensive  to  the  large 
number  of  Jews  in  all  Gentile  cities.  (24)  Gave  no  (A.  V.  "no  such  ")  com- 
mandment: Implying  that  these  zealots  had  claimed  to  represent  the  church 
(28)  It  seemed,  etc. :  The  members  of  the  council  were  conscious  of  having  been 
directed  by  the  Holy  Spirit. 

Gal.  2:1-10.  (1)  Fourteen  years:  Probably  to  be  reckoned  from  the  time  of 
Paul's  visit  mentioned  in  the  preceding  chapter.  Again  to  Jerusalem:  This 
visit  is  probably  the  one  mentioned  in  Acts,  which  is  the  subject  of  this  lesson, 

xiv 


Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes,  Lessons  ip  and  20 


Taking  (A.  V.  "  took  ")  Titus:  He  is  included  in  the  "  certain  other  "  of  Acts 
15:2.  (2)  By  revelation:  Not  inconsistent  with  Luke's  statement  that  he  was 
sent  by  the  church;  the  former  was  the  inward,  the  latter  the  outward,  call. 
When  they  saw,  etc. :  This  recognition  of  Paul's  work  by  the  apostles  in  Jeru- 
salem shows  that  they,  at  least,  did  not  sympathize  with  the  extreme  positio. 
of  the  Judaizers.  (9)  James  and  Cephas  and  John  .  .  .  fei!*>wship:  Tht 
giving  of  the  right  hand  of  fellowship  to  Paul  by  these  apostles  inx^^^ies  their 
cordial  approval  of  his  work.  In  this  kindly  and  solemn  scene  they  '^■oear 
together  for  the  first  and  only  time  in  the  New  Testament  record. 


Lesson  19.    PAUL  IN  TROAS  AND  PHILIPPI. 

Acts  15:40,  41.  (40)  Chose  Silas:  In  place  of  Barnabas,  not  of  Mark.  (41) 
Confirming  the  churches :  Probably  some  of  these  churches  had  been  established 
by  Paul  while  he  was  at  Tarsus  before  he  went  with  Barnabas  to  Antioch. 

Acts  16:  1-15.  (1)  There:  At  Lystra,  where  Paul  had  preached  about  four 
years  earlier  (14 : 8-20).  (4)  The  cities:  Derbe,  Lystra,  Iconium,  and  Antioch  of 
Pisidia.  The  decrees:  See  Acts  15:28,29.  (6)  The  region  of  Phrygia  anc^. 
Galatia  (A.  V.  "  Phrygia  and  the  region  of  Galatia  ") :  Literally,  the  Phrygian 
and  Galatian  region,  that  is,  a  region  which  might  be  called  either  Phrygian, 
from  the  local  name  of  the  district,  or  Galatian,  from  the  Roman  name  of  the 
province;  or  else  a  region  on  the  border  of  the  Phrygian  and  Galatian  districts. 
Forbidden  ...  to  speak  (A.  V.  "preach")  ...  in  Asia:  Indicating  that 
Paul  would  have  preached  there  except  for  the  restraining  power  of  the  Holy 
Spirit.  How  this  power  was  manifested  we  do  not  know,  but  it  was  in  some 
way  that  Paul  considered  decisive.  The  same  was  true  about  preaching  in 
Bithynia  (vs.  7).  Paul's  efforts  to  preach  in  Asia  and  Bithynia  clearly  imply 
that  at  this  time  he  was  not  intending  to  go  into  Europe.  (7)  The  Spirit  of 
Jesus:  The  Holy  Spirit.  The  A.  V.  omits  the  words  "of  Jesus."  (10)  We 
sought  (A.  V.  "endeavoured") :  The  change  to  the  first  person  indicates  that  the 
writer,  Luke,  joined  Paul  at  Troas  (see  Note  5).  Concluding  (A.  V.  "  assuredly 
gathering  ") :  The  divine  purpose  in  the  mysterious  leading  of  the  Spirit  up  to 
this  point  was  made  clear  by  the  Macedonian  call.  Paul  and  his  company  had 
thus  learned  a  great  lesson  in  the  life  of  faith.  (12)  Philippi:  See  B.  D.  and 
"  Colony."  (13)  Place  of  prayer  (A.  V.  "  where  prayer  was  wont  to  be  made  ") : 
A  place  in  the  open  fields,  perhaps  enclosed,  where  the  Jews  were  accustomed  to 
pray.  Such  places  were  common  in  the  absence  of  a  synagogue,  ana  were 
usually  near  a  stream,  that  there  might  be  plenty  of  water  for  ceremonial 
purposes. 


Lesson  20.  PAUL  AND  THE  PHILIPPIAN  JAILER. 
Acts  16  :  16-40.  (18)  Sore  troubled  (A.  V.  "  grieved  "):  Partly  in  pity  for 
the  girl,  and  partly  because  testimony  from  such  a  source  would  tend  to  com- 
promise the  Gospel.  In  the  name  of:  That  is,  by  the  personal  power  of  the 
person  invoked.  (19)  Marketplace:  An  open  space  in  the  city  for  public  assem- 
blies, and  where  the  magistrates  held  their  courts,  as  well  as  where  food  and 
merchandise  were  sold.  (20)  Magistrates:  Or,  "  praetors,"  the  title  of  the 
highest  rulers  in  the  Roman  colonies.  (21)  Set  forth  (A.  V.  "  teach  ")  customs, 
etc.:  Roman  law  forbade  Roman  citizens  to  adopt  foreign  religions;  the  charge 


XV 


Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes,  Lesson  21 


was,  therefore,  substantially  true.  (24)  Inner  prison:  A  filthy  dungeon  with 
no  window,  and  no  outlet,  but  the  door.  Stocks:  A  heavy  frame  of  timbers  with 
holes  through  which  the  prisoner's  feet  were  passed  and  fastened  with  thongs; 
sometimes  the  feet  were  stretched  apart  to  increase  the  torture.  (27)  About 
to  kill  (A.  V  "  would  have  killed  "  )  himself:  Roman  officials  preferred  suicide 
to  disgrace.  (35)  Serjeants:  Gr.  lictors,  public  officers  who  bore  the  insignia 
of  the  office  before  the  magistrates-  (37)  Do  they  .  .  .  privily:  The  apostles 
had  been  publicly  beaten,  and  they  now  demanded  a  public  vindication.  (39) 
Asked  them  to  go  away :  Probably  on  the  ground  that  they  distrusted  their 
own  ability  to  insure  the  safety  of  Paul  and  Silas  in  case  another  riot  should 
break  out. 


Lesson  21.    PAUL  AT  THESSALONICA  AND  BERCEA. 

•  (References  in  this  lesson  are  arranged  by  books,  and  not  in  the  order  of  questions.) 

Acts  17  :  1-15.  (2)  As  his  custom  (A.  V.  "  manner  ")  was:  Showing  that  the 
agreement  at  Jerusalem  (Gal.  2:7-9)  confine  his  preaching  to  the  Gen- 

tiles. Three  sabbath  days:  Probably  Paul's  first  three  Sabbaths  in  Thessa- 
lonica;  i  Thes.  2:8-12  implies  a  long  stay  there  (comp.  Phil.  4:16).  (3)  Be- 
hooved (A.V.  **  must  needs  "):  Was  necessary.  The  crucifixion  was  the  great 
stumbling-block  in  the  way  of  the  Jews  accepting  Jesus  as  the  Messiah.  (4) 
Consorted  with :  Associated  with;  joined  themselves  to.  Devout  Greeks:  That 
is,  Greek  proselytes  who  worshiped  the  true  God.  Most  of  the  converts,  how- 
ever, appear  to  have  been  from  heathenism  (i  Thes.  1:9).  (5)  The  house  of 
Jason:  Where  Paul  and  Silas  were  staying  as  guests.  To  the  people:  Or,  "to 
the  demos,"  the  assembly  of  the  people  where  cases  were  tried.  (6)  The  rulers 
of  the  city :  Gr.  politarchs.  An  inscription  from  Thessalonica,  now  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  shows  the  correctness  of  this  rare  title.  (7)  Another  king,  one 
Jesus:  As  at  the  trial  of  Jesus,  so  the  Jews  here  devised  a  charge  of  treason, 
knowing  that  otherwise  they  could  not  obtain  a  hearing.  (8)  They  troubled, 
etc. :  Naturally  such  a  charge  alarmed  the  assembly  and  the  rulers,  since,  if  it 
were  true,  it  endangered  their  privileges  as  a  free  city.  (11)  More  noble:  Be- 
cause more  open  to  the  truth.  (12)  Women  of  honorable  estate  (A.  V.  "  hon- 
ourable women  "):  The  wives  of  the  chief  men  of  the  city.  (14)  To  the  sea: 
Implying  that  they  went  thence  to  Athens  by  water. 

1  Thes.  2  :  1-12.  (3)  Exhortation:  Preaching  in  the  largest  sense  of  the 
word,  which  included  not  only  appeals,  but  instruction  in  divine  truth  as  its 
main  element.  Error  (A.  V.  "  deceit  "):  The  Gospel  did  "  not  originate  in  a 
delusion  of  which  we  are  the  victims."  Guile:  Crafty  deceit  (comp.  2  Cor. 
4:2).  (5)  A  cloak  (A.  V.  "  cloke  ")  of  covetousness :  A  false  pretense  used  to 
cover  an  avaricious  heart.  The  rapacity  of  Jewish  and  Greek  traveling  teach- 
ers who  professed  to  be  able  to  communicate  important  truths  was  notorious. 
Later  in  his  ministry  some  of  Paul's  bitterest  enemies  were  those  who  preached 
the  Gospel  for  gain.  (6)  Apostles  of  Christ:  Paul  might  have  claimed  honor 
and  support  as  an  ambassador  of  Christ.  That  he  and  his  companions  forbore 
to  do  so  was  ample  proof  of  their  sincerity.  (8)  Our  own  souls :  Giving  not  only 
his  message,  but  himself  (comp.  2  Cor.  12:15).  (^)  labor:  Paul  was  a  tent- 
maker  (comp.  Acts  18:3).  By  manual  toil  at  this  craft  he  supported  himself 
in  the  main,  because  he  was  determined  that  hi  >  work  shotdd  not  be  open  to  the 
siispicion  of  being  actU9,ted  by  mercenary  mot.  ^es. 


xvi 


Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes ,  Lessons  22  and  2^ 


Lesson  22.  PAUL  IN  ATHENS. 
Acts  17  :  16-34.  (16)  Provoked  (A.  V.  **  stirred  ") :  Indignant  at  the  heathen- 
ism of  the  city,  even  though  it  was  represented  by  the  finest  works  of  art  in  the 
world.  Full  of  idols  (A.  V.  "  wholly  given  to  idolatry  ")•  Athens  abounded 
in  heathen  temples,  images  and  altars.  Petronius  says  satirically  that  it  was 
easier  to  find  a  god  in  Athens  than  a  man.  (17)  Reasoned  (A.  V.  *'  disputed  ") : 
Discoursed  in  the  synagogue,  and  argued  as  he  had  opportunity  outside.  (18) 
Babbler:  Literally,  a  picker-up  of  seeds.  As  applied  to  Paul,  it  meant  an  igno- 
ramus who  picked  up  scraps  of  learning  without  knowing  how  to  use  them.  A 
setter  forth:  A  proclaimer.  Strange  gods:  Possibly  the  Athenians  regarded 
Paul  as  preaching  two  new  gods,  Jesus  and  Resurrection.  (22)  Very  religious 
(E.  R.  V.  "  somewhat  superstitious  A.  V.  "  too  superstitious  ") :  The  render- 
ing of  the  A.  R.  V.  **  very  religious,"  is  much  the  best.  The  A.  V.  is  certainly 
wrong,  since  Paul  would  not  have  begun  his  speech  by  making  an  unnecessary 
criticism;  the  E.  R.  V.  is  but  little  better.  Paul  did  not  object  to  the  religious 
zeal  of  the  Athenians,  but  to  its  misdirection.  (23)  TO  AN  (A.  V.  "  THE 
UNKNOWN  GOD :  The  existence  of  such  altars,  which  is  also  attested  by  clas- 
sical writers,  shows  the  desire  of  the  Athenians  to  propitiate  all  the  gods,  known 
and  unknown.  (24)  God  that  made,  etc.:  This  verse  proclaimed  (i)  The  exist- 
ence of  God,  as  against  the  Epicureans,  who  denied  it;  (2)  the  transcendence  of 
God,  as  against  the  pantheism  of  the  Stoics,  who  identified  Him  with  the  uni- 
verse; (3)  the  unity  of  God,  as  against  the  popular  polytheism;  (4)  the  omnipo- 
tence of  God,  as  the  Creator  of  the  universe;  and  (5)  the  universal  sovereignty 
of  God,  He  being  Lord  of  all.  (26)  Of  one:  The  word  "  blood,"  in  the  A.  V. 
is  not  found  in  the  oldest  MSS.  and  is  omitted  in  the  R.  V.  Either  this  word 
or  some  other,  as  "  father,"  or  "  body,"  must  be  understood.  This  declara- 
tion, while  satisfactory  to  the  Stoics,  who  were  practically  pantheists,  must 
have  been  displeasing  to  the  Greeks  in  general,  who  proudly  divided  the  human 
race  into  Greeks  and  barbarians,  the  former  being  made  of  finer  stuff.  (28) 
Certain  ...  of  your  own  poets:  Aratus  and  Cleanthes,  both  of  whom  lived  in 
the  third  century  B.C.  (30)  Overlooked  (A.  V.  "  winked  at  ") :  Took  no  notice 
of.  The  rendering  in  the  A.  V.  is  not  warranted  by  the  Greek.  Repent:  A 
totally  new  idea  to  the  proud  Athenians,  who  sought  to  propitiate  their  gods, 
but  did  not  ask  for  pardon.  (32)  We  will  hear  thee  .  .  .  again :  A  polite  rejec- 
tion of  Paul's  message.  (34)  Areopagite :  A  member  of  the  famous  court  callev! 
the  "  Areopagus,"  from  the  place  where  it  met. 


Lesson  23.  PAUL  IN  CORINTH. 
Acts  18  :  1-22.  (2)  Claudius  had  commanded,  etc. :  His  edict  against  the 
Jews  was  issued  in  a.d.  52,  but  was  enforced  only  a  few  years.  (5)  Was  con- 
strained (A.  V.  "pressed"):  Was  wholly  engrossed  in  his  preaching,  being 
perhaps  relieved  from  the  necessity  of  daily  labor  by  the  gifts  that  Silas  and 
Timothy  brought  him  from  Macedonia  (2  Cor.  11:9).  (6)  Shook  .  .  .  rai- 
ment :  Signifying  that  the  Jews  had  treated  him  badly,  and  that  he  would  have 
nothing  more  to  do  with  them;  compare  shaking  the  dust  off  one's  feet  (Lu. 
9:5).  From  henceforth  .  .  .  Gentiles:  This  refers  to  his  future  work  in  Cor- 
inth, as  13:46  refers  to  that  in  Antioch  and  19:8,  9  to  that  in  Ephesus.  (9) 
Be  not  afraid :  Paul  suggests  in  i  Cor.  2 : 3  that  he  had  become  deeply  depressed. 
U2)  The  judgment-seat;  The  seat  or  chair  of  the  Roman  magistrate  from  which 


Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes,  Lesson  24 


Justice  was  dispensed;  it  was  usually  in  the  marketplace.  (14)  Of  wrong  or  of 
,  .  .  villainy  (A.  V.  "wicked  lewdness"):  That  is,  offenses  proper  to  come 
before  the  proconsul.  (15)  Words  and  names:  As  the  religious  controversies 
of  the  Jews  and  their  hostility  to  Jesus  as  the  Messiah  lay  wholly  outside  the 
province  of  the  Roman  law,  Gallio  was  justified  in  refusing  the  Jews  a  hearing. 
(16)  Drove  them:  Perhaps  because  of  their  continued  importunity.  (17)  All : 
The  pagan  Greeks  and  others  who  rejoiced  to  see  the  intolerant  Jews  discom- 
fited. Cared  .  .  .  things:  Gallio's  indifference  to  the  unjust  beating  of  Sos- 
thenes  was  not  due  to  any  special  regard  for  the  Christians  or  dislike  of  the 
Jews.  He  regarded  the  whole  affair  as  a  personal  annoyance.  (18)  Having 
shorn  his  head :  One  who  made  a  vow  was  compelled  to  let  his  hair  grow  until 
the  vow  expired.  It  is  not  clear  whether  it  was  Aquila  or  Paul  who  had  the 
vow,  but  probably  the  latter.  (21)  The  clause  in  the  A.  V.  "I  must  by  all 
means  keep  this  feast  that  cometh  in  Jerusalem,"  is  omitted  in  the  oldest  MSS., 
and  therefore  in  the  R.  V.  It  is,  however,  defended  by  many  scholars  and 
perhaps  states  the  real  reason  for  Paul's  haste.  (22)  Saluted  the  church :  Prob- 
ably the  church  in  Jerusalem,  as  suggested  by  the  expression  **  went  up,'* 
which  is  often  used  of  going  to  Jerusalem. 

1  Cor.  2  :  1 — 3  :  2.  (2  :  2)  I  determined,  etc.:  Paul  resolved  to  present  sim- 
ply the  life  and  work  of  Christ,  without  any  philosophical  or  rhetorical  embel- 
lishments. The  revelation  which  came  through  Christ  filled  his  mind.  And 
him  crucified:  Paul  thus  emphasized  the  fact  which  was  the  most  offensive 
both  to  Jews  and  Gentiles,  because  he  regarded  Christ's  sacrifice  for  sin  on  the 
cross  as  the  most  essential  truth  concerning  Him.  (2  :  4)  Wisdom:  Human 
wisdom,  philosophy,  etc.  (3  :  1)  Babes  in  Christ:  Beginners  in  the  Christian 
life.  (3  :  2)  Fed  you  with  milk:  Spoke  the  truth  in  the  simplest  possible  way, 
and  without  that  philosophizing  of  which  the  Corinthians  were  so  fond.  This 
simplicity  of  Paul's  preaching  seems  to  have  been  distasteful  to  some  of  them 
(comp.  2  Cor.  lo :  lo). 

2  Corinthians.  (11  : 9)  Kept  myself  from  being  burdensome:  Paul  was  un- 
willing to  receive  anything  from  the  Corinthians  lest  they  should  suppose  that 
he  was  preaching  for  gain. 


Lesson  24.    PAUL  AND  THE  THESSALOIOANS. 

(References  are  arranged  by  chapters,  and  not  in  order  of  questions.) 
1  Thessalonians.  (1:2)  We:  Paul,  Silvanus  or  Silas,  and  Timothy,  named 
in  vs.  I.  (1:3)  Work  of  faith :]  Work  which  springs  from  faith.  Labor  of  love : 
Loving  Christian  service  that  shuns  no  toil  for  others.  Patience  of  hope :  Cour- 
ageous endurance  inspired  by  the  Christian  hope.  (1  :  6)  In  much  affliction* 
That  is,  persecution  (comp.  Acts  17  : 5-9).  With  joy  of,  etc. :  The  joy  wrought 
in  the  soul  by  the  Holy  Spirit.  (1:7)  Ensample:  A  pattern.  (1:8)  Sounded 
forth  (A.  V.  "out"):  Like  a  trumpet.  Their  faithfulness  had  encourageu 
Christians  everyivhere.  (2  : 17)  Bereaved  of  (A.V.  "taken  from  ")  you:  As  a 
mother  of  her  children.  Paul  regarded  the  Thessalonians  as  his  spiritual  chil- 
dren. His  heart  was  with  them,  and  he  earnestly  longed  to  be  there  himself. 
(2  :  18)  Satan  hindered :  The  hindrances  put  in  Paul's  way  were  so  clearly  evit 
in  spirit  that  he  attributed  them  to  the  agency  of  Satan.  (2  :  19)  Crown  01 
glorying  (A.  V.  "  rejoicing  "):  A  simile  from  the  victor's  wreath,  or  crown,  in. 
the  Grecian  games.    At  the  coming  of  Christ,  Paul's  converts  v/ere  to  be  h^i 


xviii 


Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes,  Lesson  25 


prize  —  crown  (comp.  i  Pet.  5 : 4) —  the  reward  of  his  labors.  (3  :  2)  Timotn^  . 
He  was  left  at  Beroea  by  Patd  (Acts  17  : 14),  but  rejoined  him  in  Athens,  wh^iice 
Paul  sent  him  back  to  Thessalonica,  as  here  stated.  (3  : 4)  Affliction  (A.  V. 
**  tribulation  ") :  The  persecution  that  followed  Paul's  departure  from  the  city. 
He  feared  the  converts  would  relapse  because  of  it.  (3  :  8)  Now  we  live,  etc. : 
*'  It  gives  me  a  new  lease  of  life."  (4  :  13)  No  hope:  The  heathen  generally 
at  this  time  had  no  belief  in  a  future  life.  (4  :  14)  Asleep  in  Jesus :  That  is, 
"  those  who  through  His  mediation  are  now  accounted  as  sleeping." — Ellicott. 
(4  :  15)  By  the  word  of  the  Lord:  By  direct  revelation  from  Christ.  (4  :  16)  A 
shout :  Like  that  of  a  coT^;.Viander  to  his  troops  in  battle.  The  trump  of  God : 
Comp.  Mt.  24:31;  I  ijz:.  1^5:52.  (4  :  17)  Be  with  the  Lord:  Comp.  Jo.  14:3; 
17:24;  Phil.  1:23.  (5  :  2)  As  a  thief  in  the  night:  The  usual  Scripture  fimile 
to  express  the  unexpectedness  of  Christ's  coming  (comp.  Mt.  24:43,  44;  2  Pet. 
3 : 10).  (5  :  5)  Sons  (A.  V.  "children  ")  of  light:  A  strong  Hebraistic  expression 
for  those  who  live  in  Christ,  the  Light  of  the  world  (comp.  Jo.  i :  9 ;  8 : 1 2).  (5:6} 
Let  us  not  sleep :  That  is,  be  careless  or  indifferent  through  the  infl-uence  of  sin 
(comp.  Rom,  13;  11,  12).  (5:8)  Breastplate  ,  .  .  helmet:  Comp.  Eph.  6:13-17. 


Lesson  25.    PAUL  AND  THE  GALATLA.NS. 

Gal.  ch.  1.  (1)  Paul,  an  apostle:  The  abruptness  with  which  Paul  asserts  the 
divine  origin  of  his  apostleship  shows  his  indignation  at  the  base  attempts  of 
the  Judaizers  to  challenge  his  title.  Through  Jesus  Christ :  His  apostleship  had 
been  given  when  Jesus  appeared  to  him  on  the  way  to  Damascus.  (6)  Ye  are 
.  .  .  removing :  Are  on  the  point  of  becoming  apostates  from  God  who  called 
you  into  His  kingdom.  (7)  Not  another:  The  teaching  of  the  Judaizers  was  no 
Gospel  at  all  except  in  the  sense  that  it  was  an  entire  perversion  of  the  true 
Gospel.  (8)  Anathema  (A.  V.  '*  accursed  "):  A  person  or  thing  doomed  to 
destruction."  One  who  tampers  with  the  Gospel  of  Christ  is  by  that  very  fact 
an  outcast  from  His  presence. 

Gal.  ch.  3.  (1)  Bewitch:  Paul  could  liken  the  influence  of  the  Judaizers  over 
the  Galatians  only  to  the  spell  cast  by  sorcerers  over  their  victims.  (2)  The 
Spirit  This  gift  which  came  through  simple  faith  was  an  undeniable  proof  of 
^:,cceptc.nce  with  God  (Aci^  10:44-48).  Works  .  .  .  faith:  Paul  denied  that 
acceptaixce  with  God  depends  on  obedience  to  the  ceremonial  law  (Gal.  3 : 14; 
Rom.  3:20),  and  taught  that  men  are  accepted  solely  through  faith  in  Christ  and 
living  the  divine  life  imparted  by  Him  (Gal.  2 : 16,  20;  Rom.  3 : 24-26).  (3) 
Are  ye  .  .  .  flesh:  Do  you  now  leave  off  the  life  of  faith  and  trust  to  works? 
(6)  For  right sousness :  God  accepted  Abraham's  faith  in  Him  as  righteousness 
(Gen.  15:6).  (10)  As  many  .  .  .  law:  Who  hope  for  salvation  by  keeping  the 
law.  Under  a  curse,  etc.:  Deut.  27:26.  The  law  promised  life  to  those  who 
obeyed  it  (Lev.  18:5),  but  since  it  made  no  allowance  for  human  weakness  it 
not  merely  presented  an  empty  promise  but  inflicted  an  actual  curse.  (11)  The 
righteous  (A.  V.  "  just  "),  etc.:  Hab.  2:4.  (12)  Not  of  faith:  The  fundamental 
principle  of  salvation  by  the  law  is  doing,  not  believing.  (13,  14)  Christ  re- 
deemed us,  etc. :  That  is,  **  So  far  from  having  hope  of  being  saved  by  the  law, 
man  had  fallen  under  its  curse  and  was  helpless,  but  Christ,  by  taking  the 
curse  upon  Himself.,  freed  us  from  it,  that  we  might  be  justified  and  saved 
simply  by      sting  in  Him  and  His  work  for  us." — Stevens, 


XtX 


Appendix:  Explanatory  Notes,  Lesson  23 


(19)  Added  because  of  transgressions:  All  men  were  sinners  before  the  law 
came,  but  they  were  not  transgressors,  for  there  can  be  no  transgression  where 
there  is  no  law  (Rom.  4: 15).  The  law  was  therefore  **  added,**  not  to  supersede 
or  modify  God's  previous  covenant  with  Abraham,  but  **  because  of  transgres- 
sions," that  is,  so  as  to  make  those  who  were  already  sinners  conscious  of  their 
sins,  and  so  of  their  need  of  help  (Rom.  3:20;  5:20;  7:7-13).  (24)  Tutor 
(A.  V.  "  schoolmaster  "):  A  confidential  slave  who  had  general  charge  of  the 
morals  and  discipline  of  a  boy. 

Gal.  ch.  4.  (9)  Rudiments  (A.  V.  "elements"):  The  elementary  religious 
instructions  given  to  men  before  Christ  came.  (10)  Ye  observe  .  .  .  years: 
A  par^  of  their  endeavor  to  be  saved  by  observing  legal  requirements. 

Gal.  ch  5.  (13)  An  occasion  to  the  flesh:  As  giving  loose  rein  to  evil  passions. 
(23)  Self-control  (A.  V  "  temperance  "):  "  The  regulation  of  all  physical  needs 
and  desires." 


Affendix:  Bible  Dictionary 


BIBLE  DICTIONAR 

A-cha'ia.  In  the  time  of  Paiol  it  was 
the  name  of  the  Roman  senatorial 
province  which  included  all  of  Greece 
south  of  Thessaly.  Achaia  was  Greece 
proper  (Acts  20 : 2)  as  opposed  to  Mace- 
donia, which, ^  however,  was  included  in 
the  larger  conception  of  Greece.  Hence 
Achaia  and  Macedonia  are  frequently 
mentioned  together. 

Am-phip'ol-is.  A  city  of  Macedonia  on 
the  seacoast,  about  thirty  miles  southwest 
of  Philippi. 

An'ti-och.  (1)  The  Capital  of  Syria. 
A  city  about  fifteen  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Orontes  river  in  northern  Syria. 
In  the  time  of  Paul  it  had  a  population  of 
nearly  half  a  million,  composed  of  people 
of  all  nationalities  and  every  religion.  "It 
is  probable  that  no  populations  have  ever 
been  more  abandoned  than  those  of  the 
Oriental  Greek  cities  under  the  Roman 
empire,  and  of  these  cities  Antioch  was 
the  greatest  and  the  worst." 

(2)  Antioch  of  Pisidia  (Pisidian  Anti- 
och). A  city  near  the  S.  W.  border  of  the 
province  of  Galatia,  of  the  southern  half 
of  which  it  formed  the  governing  and 
military  center.  At  the  time  of  Paul's 
first  visit  it  was  at  the  summit  of  its  im- 

gortance.  Though  included  within  the 
■alatian  province  it  was  really  a  city  of 
the  smaller  district  of  Phrygia,  but  by  **a 
gradual  widening  of  the  term  Pisidia  *'  it 
came  to  be  commonly  known  as  Pisidian 
Antioch,  to  distinguish  it  from  Antioch  in 
Syria. 

Ap-ol-lo'ni-a.  A  city  of  Macedonia 
situated  on  the  Via  Egnatia.  The  name 
probably  survives  in  the  modem  Pol- 
Una. 

Aq'ui-la,  A  Jew  of  Pontus  who,  with 
Priscilla  his  wife,  was  banished  from 
Rome  and  went  to  Corinth  where  he  took 
up  his  trade  of  tent-making.  There  he 
met  and  assisted  Paul.  Later  he  went  to 
Ephesus  and  still  later  he  appears  once 
more  in  Rome,  Both  he  and  his  wife 
became  devotedly  attached  to  Paul. 

Ar'e-tas.  A  Nabathean  king,  whose 
capital  was  at  Petra.  From  2  Cor.  11:32 
it  appears  that  about  A.  D.  37  he  was  in 
possession  of  Damascus.  How  it  came 
into  his  hands  is  not  known. 

A'sia.  A  term  which  is  used  in  the 
New  Testament,  not  for  the  continent  of 
Asia  nor  for  Asia  Minor,  but 

(1)  In  Popular  Use,  for  the  Mseain 
coast  lands  arotmd  Ephesus  (Acts  2:9); 

(2)  In  Roman  Use,  for  the  Roman 
province  which  included  the  Asia  just 
mentioned  as  well  as  Mysia,  Lydia,  Caria, 
and  a  part  of  Phrygia.  Its  chief  cities 
were  Ephesus,  Smyrna,  and  Pergamos. 


OF  THE  LESSONS. 

A-the'ni-ans.  In  the  days  of  Paul,  an^ 
centuries  before,  they  had  a  wide  reputa- 
tion as  inquisitive  and  loquacious  idlers. 
Demosthenes  said  that  "  instead  of  fling- 
ing themselves  into  timely  and  vigorous 
action  in  defense  of  their  endangered 
liberties,  they  were  forever  gadding 
about,  asking  for  the  very  latest  news." 

Be-roe'a.  Modern  Verria.  A  city  of 
southern  Macedonia,  about  fifty  miles 
southwest  of  Thessalonica.  It  has  now  a 
population  of  about  6,000. 

Bi-thyn'i-a.  A  Roman  province  on  the 
shore  of  the  Black  sea  in  Asia  Minor. 
(See  map.) 

Caes-a-re'a.  A  city  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean seacoast,  about  55  miles  northeast 
of  Jerusalem.  The  Roman  governors 
lived  here.  Its  population  was  chiefly 
Greek.  Magnificent  public  buildings 
adorned  the  city,  and  the  harbor,  made  by 
a  vast  breakwater,  was  one  of  the  best  on 
the  coast. 

Cen'chre-SB.  A  port  of  Corinth,  eight 
or  nine  miles  from  the  city  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  isthmus. 

W^-  Ci-li'ci-a.  A  Roman  province  in  south- 
eastern Asia  Minor.  Tarsus  was  its  chief 
city. 

Clau'di-us.  The  fourth  Roman  em- 
peror, reigning  from  a.  d.  41-54.  At 
first  he  treated  the  Jews  with  great  mild- 
ness, but  afterwards  expelled  them  from 
Rome,  because  of  the  disorders  they 
stirred  up. 

Coro-ny.  This  term  was  applied  by 
the  Romans  to  a  community  of  Roman 
citizens  transplanted  into  the  provinces. 
Its  members  retained  all  their  political 
rights  and  remained  an  integral  part  of 
the  Roman  state.  A  "  colony  "  was  thus 
a  production  on  a  small  scale  of  the  city  of 
Rome.  The  "colonies"  were  valuable  not 
only  as  permanent  supports  to  Roman 
garrisons  and  arms,  but  they  proved  a 
most  effective  means  of  extending  the 
language,  the  laws,  and  the  civilization  of 
Rome.  Such  were  Lystra,  Pisidian  An- 
tioch, Troas,  and  Philippi. 

Cy'prus.  A  large  and  very  fertile  island 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean sea  about  50  miles  south  of  the 
coast  of  Cilicia.  Jews  in  large  numbers 
had  settled  there. 

Da-mas'cus.  One  of  the  oldest  cities  in 
the  world,  situated  133  miles  northeast  of 
Jerusalem,  and  about  50  miles  east  of  the 
Mediterranean  sea.  It  has  always  been 
the  most  important  city  of  Syria.  In  the 
time  of  Paul  many  Jews  lived  there.  It 
was  for  a  time  governed  by  Aretas  {w.  s.). 
It  has  now  a  population  of  about  150,000.. 
mostly  Mohanimedanft 


Appendix i  Bible  Dictionary 


Der'he,  A  frontier  city  of  considerable 
importance  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 

Erovince  of  Galatia,  and  in  the  district  of 
ycaonia,  just  north  of  the  boundary  of 
C^cia.  Its  site  has  not  been  determined 
with  certainty,  but  is  probably  to  be  found 
at  the  modem  Gudelissin. 

Eph'e-sus.  A  renowned  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  -^gean  sea.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  province  of  Asia,  and  in  the 
time  of  Paul  was  its  principal  commercial 
center. 

Ga-la'ti-a.  In  a  geographical  sense 
this  term  denoted  a  limited  area  in  central 
Asia  Minor,  which  took  its  name  from 
certain  tribes  of  Gauls,  who  crossed  from 
western  Europe  278  B.C.,  and  having  for 
a  time  overrun  most  of  the  peninsula, 
were  afterwards  confined  within  a  com- 
paratively small  territory.  From  189 
B.  c,  Galatia  was  ruled  by  its  native 
kings,  though  subject  to  the  Romans.  At 
the  death  of  Amyntas,  25  b.  c,  his  king- 
dom, of  which  Galatia  was  the  nucleus, 
became  a  Roman  province.  This  prov- 
ince was  enlarged  so  that  in  A.  D.  40-63  it 
embraced  Paphlagonia,  ^  the  original 
Galatia,  Lycaonia,  Isaurica,  and  large 
parts  of  Pisidia,  Phrygia,  and  Pontus.  It 
included,  therefore,  the  churches  planted 
by  Paul  in  Pisidian  Antioch,  in  Iconium, 
Lystra,  and  Derbe. 

Gen'tiles.  The  New  Testament  trans- 
lation of  the  Greek  word  meaning 
"  nations,"  and  used  by  the  Jews  as  a 
name  for  all  foreigners  who  did  not  wor- 
ship Jehovah.  Paul,  however,  uses  the 
same  word  of  Gentile  Christians  (Rom. 
11:13;  15:27,  etc.).  In  the  A.  V.  the 
word  **  Greeks  "  is  several  times  loosely 
translated  *'  Gentiles  "  (Jo.  7:35;  Rom. 
2:9,  10;  3:9,  etc.). 

Gre'cian  Jews.  In  the  first  century  of 
the  Christian  era  the  Jewish  people  were 
divided  by  language  into  two  classes:  (1) 
Aramman  Jews,  called  "  Hebrews  "  in 
Acts  6:1,  who  lived  in  Palestine  and  in 
Babylon,  and  who  retained  the  Aramaic 
language;  (2)  Hellenists,  called  "  Grecian 
Jews  "  in  the  R.  V.,  and  "  Grecians  "  in 
the  A  V.  (Acts  6:1;  9:29,  and  possibly 
11:20),  that  is,  those  Jews  who  were  bom 
or  had  settled  in  foreign  lands,  and  had 
adopted  the  Greek  language.  Religiously 
they  were  of  two  classes:  the  conserva- 
tives, or  those  who  had  adopted  the  Greek 
language,  but  not  Greek  ideas,  e.  e.,  Saul 
(Acts  26:4,  5;  Phil.  3:5);  and  the  liberals, 
or  those  who  had  adopted  Greek  ideas  as 
well  as  the  Greek  language.  Such,  prob- 
ably, was  Stephen. 

Greece.    See  "  Achaia.** 

Greek.  (,V)  A  Greek  by  nationality 
(Acts  18:17,  A.  V.). 

(2)  All  people  not  Jews,    In  this  wider 


sense  the  name  embraces  all  who  made  the 

language,  customs,  and  leaming  of  the 
Greeks  their  own;  so  that  where  "  Greeks" 
are  opposed  to  Jews,  the  primary  reference 
is  to  a  difference  of  religion  and  worship 
(Acts  14:1;  16:1,3;  18:4,  etc.). 

I-co'ni-um.  A  celebrated  city  located 
at  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  the  central  table- 
lands of  Asia  Minor,  and  at  the  inter- 
section of  several  important  Roman  roads. 
Its  situation  was  favorable  for  Paul's 
missionary  enterprises.  The  modem  city 
Konieh,  on  the  same  site,  is  the  terminus  of 
the  railway  from  Constantinople. 

Je-ru'sa-lem.  The  chief  city  of  Pales- 
tine. Its  population  at  the  time  of  our 
lessons  has  been  estimated  at  100,000; 
it  was  a  great  business  center  as  well 
as  the  seat  of  the  Jewish  religion  and 
learning.  In  A.  d.  70  it  was  destroyed  by 
the  Romans.  The  present  city  is  occu- 
pied chiefly  by  Moslems. 

Jews  (contracted  from  Judceans).  The 
name  which  arose  after  the  exile  for  all  the 
Hebrew  people. 

Ly-ca-o'ni-a.  A  district  of  Asia  Minor, 
north  of  Pamphylia,  and  between  Cap- 
padocia  on  the  east  and  Phrygia  on  the 
west.  It  was  a  part  of  the  Roman 
province  of  Galatia.  Its  inhabitants 
spoke  a  dialect  of  which  no  trace  now 
remains. 

Lys'tra.  A  city  of  Lycaonia,  about  25 
miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Iconium,  situated  on  a 
steep  hill  in  the  center  of  a  valley  a  mile 
north  of  the  modem  village  of  Khatyn 
Serai.  Few  traces  of  it  remain,  but  in  the 
first  century  it  was  an  important  fortified 
city,  and  made  a  colony  {w.  s.)  by  Augus- 
tus Caesar,  who  also  connected  it  with 
Pisidian  Antioch  by  means  of  a  "  royal 
road."  It  was  therefore  a  stronghold  of 
Roman  civilization  which  Paul,  with  his 
usual  wisdom,  made  a  center  of  his  own 
work. 

Mac-e-do'ni-a.  The  Roman  province 
of  this  name  included  in  Paul's  time  the 
territorv  of  the  Grecian  peninsula  north  of 
Thessaly  and  extending  to  lUyria  on  the 
west  and  Thrace  on  the  east. 

My'si-a.  The  northwestern  district  of 
the  province  of  Asia. 

Ne-ap'o-lis.  A  maritime  city  on  the 
northwestem  coast  of  the  .^gean  sea,  and 
the  seaport  of  Philippi,  which  was  about 
10  miles  inland. 

Pa'phos.  A  town  at  the  west  end  of  the 
island  of  Cyprus,  the  seat  of  government, 
and  a  center  of  the  profligate  worship  of 
Aphrodite,  or  Venus. 

Per'ga.  An  important  city  of  Pamphyl- 
ia on  the  river  Cestros;  about  12  miles 
from  the  sea.  It  was  celebrated  for  its 
temple  of  Artemis  (Diana). 


Appendix:  Bible  Dictionary 


Phi-lip'pi.  A  city  of  southeastern 
Macedonia.  It  was  originally  built  by 
Philip  I  of  Macedonia.  The  city  which 
Paul  visited  was  a  Roman  colony  (see 
*'  Colony  ")  built  by  Augustus  on  almost 
the  same  site  as  the  ancient  city.  It  is 
described  by  Luke  (Acts  16:12)  as  the 
**  first  "  {i.e.,  leading)  city  of  that  one  of 
the  four  *'  districts  **  of  the  Roman 
province  of  Macedonia  in  which  it  was 
situated. 

Phoe-ni'ci-a.  A  district  of  Syria,  ex- 
tending along  the  Mediterranean  coast 
northward  from  Mount  Carmel  for  about 
140  miles.  In  width  it  varied  from  10  to 
15  miles.  Its  two  cities,  Tyre  and  Sidon, 
were  world-renowned. 

Pi-si d'i-a.  A  district  of  Asia  Minor  to 
the  north  of  Pamphylia.  The  larger  por- 
tion of  this  district  was  included  in  the 
Roman  province  of  Galatia. 

Pon'tus.  The  eastern  portion  of  the 
province  of  Bithynia  in  northern  Asia 
Minor. 

Pris-ciria.  Diminutive  of  Prisca  (1  Qor. 
16:19).  The  wife  of  Aquila,  the  tentmaker 
of  Pontus,  whom  Paul  found  in  Corinth. 

Sara-mis.  The  largest  city  of  Cyprus, 
at  the  eastern  end  of  the  island,  having  a 
good  harbor.  There  were  in  the  city 
people  of  many  nationalities  and  a  large 
number  of  Jews  maintaining  several 
synagogues. 

Se-leu'ci-a.  The  seaport  of  Antioch  of 
Syria,  sixteen  miles  distant  on  the  Medi* 


terranean  coast  just  north  of  the  Orontes 
river.    It  was  a  free  city  in  Paul's  time. 

Sil-va'nus.  The  name  given  in  the 
epistles  to  Silas. 

Syr'i-a.  In  the  time  of  Paul,  Syria  was 
one  of  the  chief  Roman  provinces.  It 
included  most  of  the  territory  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  sea, 
north  of  Palestine,  and  extended  back  to 
the  Arabian  desert  and  the  Euphrates 
valley;  Antioch  was  its  capital  and  Da- 
mascus one  of  its  chief  cities. 

Tar'sus.  The  capital  of  Cilicia  during 
the  Roman  period,  situated  on  the  river 
Cydnus,  about  20  miles  from  its  mouth. 
It  was  a  "  free  city,"  exempt  from  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  Roman  governor,  and 
having  its  own  magistrates  and  laws.  It 
was  renowned  for  its  Greek  learning  and 
its  numerous  schools  of  philosophy. 

Ti-mo'the-us.  The  Greek  name  of 
Timothy. 

Ti'tus.  A  Gentile  Christian,  Paul's 
companion  on  some  of  his  journeys  and  his 
assistant  in  Christian  work.  He  was 
twice  sent  by  Paul  to  Corinth,  and 
charged  to  receive  in  Corinth  the  collec- 
tion for  the  saints  at  Jerusalem.  The 
epistle  to  Titus,  written  to  him  when  he 
was  alone  in  Crete,  shows  the  confidence 
which  Paul  reposed  in  him. 

Tro'as.  An  important  town  on  the 
northwest  coast  of  Mysia  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Hellespont.  It  was  a  Roman 
'*  colony  "  {w.  s.). 


